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Earth Rocks > Lab Exam > Flashcards

Lab Exam Flashcards

1
Q

In an anticline, is the rock in the middle at the surface the oldest or youngest?

A

Oldest

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2
Q

In a syncline trough, is the rock in the middle at the surface the oldest or the youngest?

A

Youngest

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3
Q

In an asymmetric anticline, is the rock in the centre the oldest or the youngest?

A

Oldest

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4
Q

In a plunging anticline, is the rock in the centre at the surface the youngest or the oldest?

A

Oldest

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5
Q

In a dome, is the rock at the centre of the surface the youngest or the oldest?

A

The oldest

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6
Q

In a basin, is the rock in the centre at the surface the youngest or the oldest?

A

The youngest

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7
Q

What is a thrust fault most similar to?

A

A reverse fault

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8
Q

Identify these unconformities.

A

Top left: disconformity

Top right: angular unconformity

Bottom: nonconformity

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9
Q

What is this called?

A

A strike-slip fault.

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10
Q

What is a nonconformity?

A

Sedimentary rock layered on top of igneous or metamorphic rock

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11
Q

In a disconformity, what is the separation between the layers called?

A

A depositional break

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12
Q

What is this symbol used to represent?

A

A plunging anticline

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13
Q

What is this symbol used to represent?

A

A plunging syncline

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14
Q

What is this symbol used to represent?

A

Horizontal bedding

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15
Q

What is this symbol used to represent?

A

Vertical bedding

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16
Q

What is the law of superposition?

A

It states that younger, sedimentary rocks overlie the older ones

17
Q

What does the law of cross cutting relations state?

A

Intrusive rocks are younger than the rock they cut across or intrude

18
Q

What are index fossils used for?

A

Can be used to correlate rocks in a separate area

19
Q

Is the law of superposition relative or absolute dating?

A

Relative

20
Q

Is radiometric dating absolute or relative?

A

Absolute

21
Q

Are cross-cutting relations relative or absolute in terms of dating?

A

Relative

22
Q

Is the use of index fossils absolute or relative dating?

A

Relative

23
Q

What are some common radioactive parent isotopes?

A

C14, Rb87, K40, U235, U238

24
Q

How is radiometric dating used to obtain the age of a type of rock?

A

Each radioactive isotope (parent) decays to the daughter isotope at a constant rate, exponentially. The half-life is the time required for half of the parent isotope to decay. After two half-lives, 1/4 remains, after three, 1/8, etc.

25
Q

What is the half-life of carbon? What is the oldest a rock can be for carbon dating to work?

A

The half-life of carbon is 5570 years. After 50,000 years, all of the radioactive parent isotope has decayed to the daughter isotope (nitrogen). Therefore it does not work because the upper limit of carbon dating has been reached.

26
Q

Is this a marine transgression or regression?

A

Regression

27
Q

Is this a marine transgression or regression?

A

Marine transgression

28
Q

Which type of sedimentary rock is the least resistant to weathering? Which is the most?

A

Least: shale

Most: sandstone (more quartzite)

29
Q
A
30
Q

What are the five types of sedimentary rocks composed of calcite?

A

Micrite, coquina, limestone, chalk, travertine.

31
Q

What are the principles of relative stratigraphic dating?

A
  1. Principle of superposition
  2. Cross-cutting relations
  3. Fossil dating using index fossils
32
Q

What is a principle of absolute dating?

A

Radiometric dating

33
Q

What is the half-life of carbon?

A

5570 years

Earth Rocks (4 decks)

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