Lab Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
6 classes of nutrients
A
Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals and H20
2
Q
Major nutrients; function
A
Carbs, proteins and fats; they provide the building blocks used to produce cellular structures such as plasma membranes, collagen, muscle proteins, and myelin sheaths. They also provide energy- cells break them down to use the energy in their chemical bonds to create ATP.
3
Q
Vitamins function
A
Vitamins function as coenzymes, that act with an enzyme to accomplish a particular chemical reaction.
4
Q
Minerals function
A
Most minerals are ionized in body fluids or attached to organic compounds and they are essential for a wide range of functions such as binding oxygen, nerve impulse production, and muscle contraction.
5
Q
Water function
A
Water is the dissolving medium of the body. Biological molecules do not react chemically unless they are in solution. Thus, all chemical reactions occurring in the body depend on waters solvent properties. Water is also a reactant in some metabolic processes.
6
Q
Ingestion
A
taking food into the digestive tract via mouth
7
Q
Propulsion
A
moves food through the digestive tract. it includes deglutition and peristalsis
8
Q
Mechanical breakdown
A
Increases surface area of ingested food, physically preparing it for digestion by enzymes.
9
Q
Mechanical breakdown processes
A
mastication, mixing food with saliva by the tongue, churning food in the stomach, and segmentation (rhythmic contractions of the small intestine that mix food with enzymes and other digestive secretions)
10
Q
Digestion
A
A process by which complex molecules are chemically broken down into simpler molecules. It involves a series of chemical reactions in which the bonds between food molecules are broken down by hydrolysis.
11
Q
Hydrolysis
A
By adding water molecules at the bond sites, hydrolysis breaks down the major nutrients into their basic units. Hydrolysis is catalyzed by enzymes.
12
Q
Basic units of major nutrients
A
Carbohydrates: monosaccharides
Proteins: amino acids
Fats: have no defined basic unit. Most dietary fats are triglycerides which are digested into fatty acids and glycerol
13
Q
Thoracic V: Vertebral body
A
Bears weight and articulates with adjacent vertebral bodies and the heads of ribs
14
Q
Thoracic V: Vertebral foramen
A
Passageway for spinal cord and dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves
15
Q
Thoracic V: Vertebral arch
A
Protects the spinal cord
16
Q
Thoracic V: spinous process
A
muscle attachment
17
Q
Thoracic V: transverse process
A
muscle attachment and some articulate with rib tubercles
18
Q
Thoracic V: Costal facet
A
some articulate with rib heads and others articulate with rib tubercles
19
Q
Thoracic V: superior and inferior articular facet
A
– :)
20
Q
Lumbar V: vertebral body
A
articulates with adjacent vertebral bodies and bears weight
21
Q
Lumbar V: Vertebral foramen
A
passageway for spinal cord and dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves
22
Q
Lumbar V: Vertebral arch
A
protects the spinal cord
23
Q
Lumbar V: spinous process
A
muscle attachment
24
Q
Lumbar V: transverse process
A
muscle attatchment
25
Lumbar V: superior and inferior articular facets
-- :)
26
Sacrum: median sacral crest
muscle attatchment
27
Sacrum: superior articular facets
articulate with the inferior articular faces of L5
28
Sacrum: auricular surfaces
each articulate with a coal bone
29
Sacrum: sacral canal
passageway for dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves
30
Sacrum: anterior sacral foramina
passageway for ventral rami of spinal nerves
31
Sacrum: posterior sacral foramina
passageway for dorsal rami of spinal nerves
32
Sacrum: Coccyx
ligament and muscle attatchment
33
Sternum: Manubrium
articulates with the body of the sternum, some costal cartilages, the sternal ends of clavicles; muscle attachment
34
Sternum: Clavicular notches
each articulates with the sternal ends of clavicles
35
Sternum: Body
articulates with some costal cartilages and the manubrium; muscle attachment
36
Sternum: xiphoid process
attachment of muscles and the linea alba
37
Rib: Head
articulates with the vertebral body of one or two thoracic vertebrae
38
Rib: tubercle
articulates with a transverse process of thoracic vertebrae
39
Rib: shaft
muscle attachment
40
Rib: costal groove
muscle attachment and arteries, veins, and nerves run through the groove
41
Clavicle: sternal end
articulates with the clavicular notch of a sternum
42
Clavicle: acromial end
articulates with the acromion
43
Scapula: spine
muscle attachment
44
Scapula: acromion
articulates with the acromial end of a clavicle; muscle attachment
45
Articulation: manubriosternal
cartilaginous; amphiarthrosis
46
Articulation: 1st sternocostal
cartilaginous; synarthrosis
47
Articulation: 2nd-7th sternocostal
synovial; plane, diarthrosis; non-axial
48
Articulation: costovertebral and costotransverse
synovial; plane, diarthrosis; non-axial
49
Articulation: intervertebral bodies
cartilaginous; amphiarthrosis
50
Articulation: intervertebral facets
synovial plane; diarthrosis non-axial
51
Spinal Cord: dura mater
protects the spinal cord
52
Spinal Cord: arachnoid mater
protects the spinal cord and absorbs cerebrospinal fluid
53
Spinal Cord: pia mater
protects the spinal cord
54
Spinal Cord: dorsal roots
fibers carry sensory input
55
Spinal Cord: ventral roots
fibers carry motor output
56
Spinal Cord: spinal nervs
convey sensory input and motor output
57
Spinal Cord: lumbar enlargement
attachment site of nerves innervating the lower limbs
58
Spinal Cord: filum terminale
anchors the spinal cord
59
Body Wall: Breasts
lactation in females
60
Body Wall: external intercostal mm
elevates the ribs (inspiratory)
61
Body Wall: internal intercostal mm
Depresses the ribs (expiratory)
62
Body Wall: rectus abdominis
flexes the vertebral column; supports and compresses the abdomen
63
Body Wall: external oblique mm
flexes the vertebral column; when one contracts, trunk is bent or rotated laterally; supports and compresses the abdomen
64
Body Wall: internal oblique mm
flexes the vertebral column; when one contracts, trunk is rotated or bent laterally; supports and compresses the abdomen
65
Body Wall: diaphragm
increases the vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity (inspiratory mm)
66
Body Wall: elevator scapulae mm
when one contracts, head is laterally bent to the same side
67
Body Wall: erector spinae mm
postural muscles: acting together they extend the vertebral column or the head; acting as one, they laterally bend the vertebral column or turn the face to the same side
68
Body Wall: quadratus lumborum mm
postural muscles: acting together they extend the vertebral column, acting on one side they laterally bend the vertebral column
69
Heart and Associated Vessels: heart
moves blood
70
Heart and Associated Vessels: R atrium
receives blood from systemic vv
71
Heart and Associated Vessels: superior vena cava
drains head, neck, upper limbs and thorax
72
Heart and Associated Vessels: inferior vena cava
drains lower limbs and the abdominal and pelvic regions
73
Heart and Associated Vessels: R ventricle
pumps deoxygenated blood through pulmonary circuit
74
Heart and Associated Vessels: Pulmonary truck
takes blood to the lungs
75
Heart and Associated Vessels: pulmonary aa
takes blood to the lungs
76
Heart and Associated Vessels: pulmonary vv
drain blood from the lungs and dumps it into L atrium
77
Heart and Associated Vessels: L atrium
receives blood from pulmonary vv
78
Heart and Associated Vessels: L ventricle
pumps blood through systemic circuit
79
Heart and Associated Vessels: ascending aorta
its branches supply the entire body
80
Heart and Associated Vessels: aortic arch
supplies most of the body
81
Heart and Associated Vessels: atrioventricular valves
prevents back flow of blood into the atria
82
Heart and Associated Vessels: chordae tendinae
actors cusps to papillary muscles; prevent eversion of the cusps
83
Heart and Associated Vessels: papillary muscles
actor chordae tendinae the the ventricle walls; prevent eversion of the cusps
84
Heart and Associated Vessels: semilunar valves
prevent back flow of blood into the ventricles
85
Heart and Associated Vessels: R & L coronary artery
supplies the heart
86
Heart and Associated Vessels: posterior inter-ventricular aa
supplies the posterior ventricular walls
87
Heart and Associated Vessels: anterior inter-ventricular aa
supplies the anterior ventricular walls and the inter-ventricular septum
88
Heart and Associated Vessels: coronary sinus
drains the heart
89
Heart and Associated Vessels: fibrous pericardium
anchors and protects the heart; prevents the heart from being overfilled with blood
90
Heart and Associated Vessels: brachiocephalic a
supplies the head, neck and R upper limb
91
Heart and Associated Vessels: : common carotid
supplies the head and neck
92
Heart and Associated Vessels: subclavian aa
supplies the upper limbs
93
Heart and Associated Vessels: posterior intercostal aa
supplies the vertebrae, spinal cord, intercostal muscles, and deep muscles of the back
94
Heart and Associated Vessels: external jugular vv
drain the scalp and face
95
Heart and Associated Vessels: subclavian vv
drain the upper limbs, scalp and face
96
Heart and Associated Vessels: internal jugular vv
drain the brain, face and neck
97
Heart and Associated Vessels: brachiocephalic vv
drain the upper limbs, brain, scalp, face, neck
98
Heart and Associated Vessels: superior vena cava
drain the upper limbs, face, scalp, brain, neck and thoracic wall
99
Heart and Associated Vessels: posterior intercostal vv
drain the thoracic wall
100
Heart and Associated Vessels: azygos v
drains the thoracic wall
101
Fetus and Placenta: thymus
secretes hormones: involved in immunity
102
Fetus and Placenta: placenta
exchange of substances between maternal and fetal blood occurs here
103
Fetus and Placenta: umbilical aa
flows through the fetus to the placenta
104
Fetus and Placenta: umbilical v
flows from the placenta to the fetus
105
Respiratory and Digestive Structures: trachea
air passageway
106
Respiratory and Digestive Structures: main bronchi
air passageway
107
Respiratory and Digestive Structures: lungs
involved in respiration and gas exchange
108
Respiratory and Digestive Structures: secondary bronchi
air passageway
109
Respiratory and Digestive Structures: esophagus
passageway for food and fluids
110
Respiratory and Digestive Structures: vagus nerves
innervate the heart and lungs
111
Respiratory and Digestive Structures: phrenic nerves
innervate the diaphragm
112
Respiratory and Digestive Structures: sympathetic trunk ganglia
innervate the sweat glands, arrector pills muscles, blood vessels, heart, lungs, and esophagus
113
Digestive Structures: stomach
passageway for food and fluids: does some digestion, site for temporary food storage
114
Digestive Structures: rugae
prevent tearing of he mucosa when the stomach expands
115
Digestive Structures: greater omentum
fat storage
116
Digestive Structures: pyloric sphincter
regulates the rate at which chyme leaves the stomach
117
Digestive Structures: small intestine
passageway for food and fluid; site where most digestion and absorption occurs
118
Digestive Structures: plicae circulares
increase surface area
119
Digestive Structures: mesentery
suspends and jejunum and ilium from the posterior body wall and prevents tangling
120
Digestive Structures: large intestine
passageway for food and fluid; reabsorbs water and stores feces
121
Digestive Structures: ileocecal valve
prevents the back flow of cecal contents into the ileum
122
Digestive Structures: anal canal
regulates defecation
123
Digestive Structures: falciform ligament
attaches the liver to the diaphragm and to the anterior body wall
124
Digestive Structures: liver
produces bile and performs non-digestive functions
125
Digestive Structures: gallbladder
stores and concentrates bile
126
Digestive Structures: common hepatic duct
bile passageway
127
Digestive Structures: cystic duct
bile passageway
128
Digestive Structures: bile duct
bile passageway
129
Digestive Structures: pancreas
secretes digestive enzymes, bicarbonate solution and hormones
130
Functions of the vertebral column
1. Supports the head and bears the weight of the body while still allowing movement of the head and trunk
2. It protects the brain from shock produced by locomotion
3. Muscle attachment
4. Protects the spinal cord
131
Function of intervertebral discs
Act as shock absorbers and they allow the column to flex and extend and, to a lesser extent, bend laterally,
132
What is the significance of the increase in size of the vertebral bodies towards the end of the vertebral column? Where does the trend end?
With each disc, the vertebral column has to bear the entirety of the weight above it. Therefore, the bottom vertebral bodies are bigger because they have to bear the weight of all of the superior vertebral bodies. The trend ends at the sacrum because the body's weight is then transferred to the pelvis.
133
Function of the vertebral column curves
1. Maintain upright posture
2. add strength to the vertebral column
3. absorbs shock
134
Which curves of the vertebral column are primary? Secondary?
The thoracic and sacral curves are primary because they retained their original convex shape. Cervical and lumbar curves are secondary.
135
When do certain vertebral column curves become more prevalent?
The cervical curve begins while the fetus in intrauterine and further develops when the infant begins to hold up his/her head and sit upright. The change in lumbar curve begins when a child starts to walk.
136
Which regions of the spinal cord are flexible? Not flexible?
The cervical region is the most flexible followed by the lumbar region. The thoracic region is not very flexible and the sacral and coccyx region is the least flexible.
137
Function of the thoracic cage?
It protects viscera of the thorax and provides attachment sites for muscles. The cage is flexible enough to allow movements needed for respiration.
138
Function of muscles in the body wall
muscles of the body wall move the vertebral column, head, upper limbs and lower limbs. Some also cause ventilation (moving air into and out of the lungs), support abdominal viscera and compress the abdomen.
139
Function of the breasts in the body wall
Contain mammary glands that are specialized sweat glands that produce and secrete milk that is used to nourish a newborn.
140
Where do you find lateral horns in the spinal cord?
In the thoracic and superior lumbar segments (T2-L1)
141
What is the thorax?
The thorax is the portion of the trunk superior to the diaphragm. It is composed of the thoracic body wall, the thoracic cavity, and the contents of the cavity which include structures of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, lymphatic, endocrine, and nervous system.
142
What is fibrous pericardium?
A sac-like structure composed of dense connective tissue.
143
What is the serous pericardium?
It is found deep to the fibrous pericardium and it has 2 parts: parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium. Parietal pericardium lines the fibrous pericardium and the visceral pericardium covers the heart. In between the two parts of the serous pericardium is a cavity called the pericardial cavity filled with friction-reducing pericardial fluid.
144
Function of the placenta
The placenta has both fetal and maternal blood vessels. Gas, nutrient and waste exchange occurs between them.
145
Function of the foramen oval and ductus arteriosus
Foramen ovale: and opening in the interatrial septum
Ductus arteriousus: a vessel connecting the pulmonary trunk and the aortic arch
Both allow most blood to bypass pulmonary circulation
146
Function of the ductus venosus
Allow some blood to bypass the hepatic (liver) vessels.
147
What is atrial natriuretic peptide?
Special cardiac muscle cells in the atria secrete this hormone. Its function is vasodilation.
148
Function of pleural fluid?
Acts as a lubricant that reduces friction during lung movements. It also acts as an adhesive that helps in lung expansion and prevents collapse of the lungs.
149
Whats the only portion of the digestive tract found in the thoracic cavity?
The esophagus. It extends from the laryngopharynx to the diaphragm.
150
What is the hiatus?
A foramen in the diaphragm where the esophagus passes through to get to the abdominal cavity.
151
What is the composition of the esophagus?
The first two thirds is composed of skeletal muscle and the last one third is composed of smooth muscle.
152
What are ducts in the lymphatic system?
Ducts are the largest lymph vessels that drain all lymph into the venous system. They are located in the thorax.
153
Function of the thymus in the endocrine system?
The thymus is and endocrine organ located over the heart. It is large and conspicuous (clearly visible) in infants. After puberty it begins to atrophy and is replaced almost entirely by connective tissue. The hormones it secretes are not well understood.
154
Function of the vagus nerve in the nervous system?
It innervates structures in the thorax. Its sensory fibers send signals from sensory receptors to the brain. Some of these sensory fibers are found in blood vessels and they monitor blood pressure and plasma levels of certain gases. Motor signals traveling in vagus nerves affect heart rate and strength of contraction and depth and rate of breathing.
155
Function of the sympathetic chain ganglia?
Influence heart rate, strength of contraction and blood vessel diameter.
156
What is Tidal Volume (TV)?
the amount of air moving into or out of the lungs in one inspiration or expiration.
157
What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?
Using maximal effort used to inspire as much air as possible and hold it. the amount of air you inspired above resting tidal volume is IRV.
158
What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?
Using maximal effort, after inspiring and expiring at resting tidal volume, expire as much air as possible. The amount of air you expired beyond tidal volume is ERV.
159
What is Residual Volume (RV)?
The amount of air left in your lungs after a maximal expiration. Residual volume cannot be voluntarily removed.
160
What is Inspiratory Capacity (IC)?
The sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume. TV + IRV = IC
161
What is Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?
The sum of expiratory reserve volume and residual volume. ERV + RV =FRC
162
What is Vital Capacity (VC)?
The sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume.
IRV + TV + ERV = VC
163
What is Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?
The sum of all volumes.
| IRV + TV+ ERV + RV= TLC
164
How are lung volumes and capacities affected?
They can be affected by gender, age, height, and strength of respiratory muscles.
165
What is the most frequent measurement used by clinicians as an index of lung function?
Forced vital capacity
166
What is the difference between vital capacity and forced vital capacity?
Vital Capacity: Measures the amount of exhaled air when you breathe in as deeply as you can and exhale as much air as yo can.
Forced Vital Capacity: Measures the amount and RATE at which air is moved after you inspire as much air as you can and exhale as much air as you can as FAST as you can.
167
Why is forced b=vital capacity measured rather than vital capacity?
Because many respiratory diseases do not change the amount of air moved but the RATE at which it is moved.
168
What is Forced Expiratory Volume?
How much forced vital capacity is exhaled in a given amount of time. This gives and indication of expiratory power and the overall resistance to air movement.
169
Why are percentages used to compare FEV values?
because a larger person will have larger values because of anatomical factors so percentages give a more accurate comparison. FEV/ FVC = FEV %
170
What is Minute Ventilation?
The volume of air moving into or out of the respiratory tract in one minute. This value is obtained by multiplying VR (ventilation rate: the number of breaths per minute) by tidal volume.
171
What is anatomical dead space?
The nonaveolar parts that contain air that doesn't reach the alveoli. EX. nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. It is around 150ml or 0.5L in an adult.
172
What is Alveolar Ventilation?
the amount of air reaching the alveoli in one minute. It is more valuable to know alveolar ventilation than minute ventilation.
AV = (TV- dead space) x VR
173
Functions of the respiratory system?
1. Maintaining correct concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the EFC
2. Phonation (speech production)
3. Regulating ECF pH.
