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Human Body > Lab Exam 3 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

6 classes of nutrients

A

Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals and H20

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2
Q

Major nutrients; function

A

Carbs, proteins and fats; they provide the building blocks used to produce cellular structures such as plasma membranes, collagen, muscle proteins, and myelin sheaths. They also provide energy- cells break them down to use the energy in their chemical bonds to create ATP.

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3
Q

Vitamins function

A

Vitamins function as coenzymes, that act with an enzyme to accomplish a particular chemical reaction.

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4
Q

Minerals function

A

Most minerals are ionized in body fluids or attached to organic compounds and they are essential for a wide range of functions such as binding oxygen, nerve impulse production, and muscle contraction.

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5
Q

Water function

A

Water is the dissolving medium of the body. Biological molecules do not react chemically unless they are in solution. Thus, all chemical reactions occurring in the body depend on waters solvent properties. Water is also a reactant in some metabolic processes.

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6
Q

Ingestion

A

taking food into the digestive tract via mouth

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7
Q

Propulsion

A

moves food through the digestive tract. it includes deglutition and peristalsis

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8
Q

Mechanical breakdown

A

Increases surface area of ingested food, physically preparing it for digestion by enzymes.

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9
Q

Mechanical breakdown processes

A

mastication, mixing food with saliva by the tongue, churning food in the stomach, and segmentation (rhythmic contractions of the small intestine that mix food with enzymes and other digestive secretions)

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10
Q

Digestion

A

A process by which complex molecules are chemically broken down into simpler molecules. It involves a series of chemical reactions in which the bonds between food molecules are broken down by hydrolysis.

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11
Q

Hydrolysis

A

By adding water molecules at the bond sites, hydrolysis breaks down the major nutrients into their basic units. Hydrolysis is catalyzed by enzymes.

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12
Q

Basic units of major nutrients

A

Carbohydrates: monosaccharides
Proteins: amino acids
Fats: have no defined basic unit. Most dietary fats are triglycerides which are digested into fatty acids and glycerol

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13
Q

Thoracic V: Vertebral body

A

Bears weight and articulates with adjacent vertebral bodies and the heads of ribs

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14
Q

Thoracic V: Vertebral foramen

A

Passageway for spinal cord and dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves

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15
Q

Thoracic V: Vertebral arch

A

Protects the spinal cord

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16
Q

Thoracic V: spinous process

A

muscle attachment

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17
Q

Thoracic V: transverse process

A

muscle attachment and some articulate with rib tubercles

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18
Q

Thoracic V: Costal facet

A

some articulate with rib heads and others articulate with rib tubercles

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19
Q

Thoracic V: superior and inferior articular facet

A

– :)

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20
Q

Lumbar V: vertebral body

A

articulates with adjacent vertebral bodies and bears weight

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21
Q

Lumbar V: Vertebral foramen

A

passageway for spinal cord and dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves

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22
Q

Lumbar V: Vertebral arch

A

protects the spinal cord

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23
Q

Lumbar V: spinous process

A

muscle attachment

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24
Q

Lumbar V: transverse process

A

muscle attatchment

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25
Q

Lumbar V: superior and inferior articular facets

A

– :)

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26
Q

Sacrum: median sacral crest

A

muscle attatchment

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27
Q

Sacrum: superior articular facets

A

articulate with the inferior articular faces of L5

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28
Q

Sacrum: auricular surfaces

A

each articulate with a coal bone

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29
Q

Sacrum: sacral canal

A

passageway for dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves

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30
Q

Sacrum: anterior sacral foramina

A

passageway for ventral rami of spinal nerves

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31
Q

Sacrum: posterior sacral foramina

A

passageway for dorsal rami of spinal nerves

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32
Q

Sacrum: Coccyx

A

ligament and muscle attatchment

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33
Q

Sternum: Manubrium

A

articulates with the body of the sternum, some costal cartilages, the sternal ends of clavicles; muscle attachment

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34
Q

Sternum: Clavicular notches

A

each articulates with the sternal ends of clavicles

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35
Q

Sternum: Body

A

articulates with some costal cartilages and the manubrium; muscle attachment

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36
Q

Sternum: xiphoid process

A

attachment of muscles and the linea alba

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37
Q

Rib: Head

A

articulates with the vertebral body of one or two thoracic vertebrae

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38
Q

Rib: tubercle

A

articulates with a transverse process of thoracic vertebrae

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39
Q

Rib: shaft

A

muscle attachment

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40
Q

Rib: costal groove

A

muscle attachment and arteries, veins, and nerves run through the groove

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41
Q

Clavicle: sternal end

A

articulates with the clavicular notch of a sternum

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42
Q

Clavicle: acromial end

A

articulates with the acromion

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43
Q

Scapula: spine

A

muscle attachment

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44
Q

Scapula: acromion

A

articulates with the acromial end of a clavicle; muscle attachment

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45
Q

Articulation: manubriosternal

A

cartilaginous; amphiarthrosis

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46
Q

Articulation: 1st sternocostal

A

cartilaginous; synarthrosis

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47
Q

Articulation: 2nd-7th sternocostal

A

synovial; plane, diarthrosis; non-axial

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48
Q

Articulation: costovertebral and costotransverse

A

synovial; plane, diarthrosis; non-axial

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49
Q

Articulation: intervertebral bodies

A

cartilaginous; amphiarthrosis

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50
Q

Articulation: intervertebral facets

A

synovial plane; diarthrosis non-axial

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51
Q

Spinal Cord: dura mater

A

protects the spinal cord

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52
Q

Spinal Cord: arachnoid mater

A

protects the spinal cord and absorbs cerebrospinal fluid

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53
Q

Spinal Cord: pia mater

A

protects the spinal cord

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54
Q

Spinal Cord: dorsal roots

A

fibers carry sensory input

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55
Q

Spinal Cord: ventral roots

A

fibers carry motor output

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56
Q

Spinal Cord: spinal nervs

A

convey sensory input and motor output

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57
Q

Spinal Cord: lumbar enlargement

A

attachment site of nerves innervating the lower limbs

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58
Q

Spinal Cord: filum terminale

A

anchors the spinal cord

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59
Q

Body Wall: Breasts

A

lactation in females

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60
Q

Body Wall: external intercostal mm

A

elevates the ribs (inspiratory)

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61
Q

Body Wall: internal intercostal mm

A

Depresses the ribs (expiratory)

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62
Q

Body Wall: rectus abdominis

A

flexes the vertebral column; supports and compresses the abdomen

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63
Q

Body Wall: external oblique mm

A

flexes the vertebral column; when one contracts, trunk is bent or rotated laterally; supports and compresses the abdomen

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64
Q

Body Wall: internal oblique mm

A

flexes the vertebral column; when one contracts, trunk is rotated or bent laterally; supports and compresses the abdomen

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65
Q

Body Wall: diaphragm

A

increases the vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity (inspiratory mm)

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66
Q

Body Wall: elevator scapulae mm

A

when one contracts, head is laterally bent to the same side

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67
Q

Body Wall: erector spinae mm

A

postural muscles: acting together they extend the vertebral column or the head; acting as one, they laterally bend the vertebral column or turn the face to the same side

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68
Q

Body Wall: quadratus lumborum mm

A

postural muscles: acting together they extend the vertebral column, acting on one side they laterally bend the vertebral column

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69
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: heart

A

moves blood

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70
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: R atrium

A

receives blood from systemic vv

71
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: superior vena cava

A

drains head, neck, upper limbs and thorax

72
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: inferior vena cava

A

drains lower limbs and the abdominal and pelvic regions

73
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: R ventricle

A

pumps deoxygenated blood through pulmonary circuit

74
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: Pulmonary truck

A

takes blood to the lungs

75
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: pulmonary aa

A

takes blood to the lungs

76
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: pulmonary vv

A

drain blood from the lungs and dumps it into L atrium

77
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: L atrium

A

receives blood from pulmonary vv

78
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: L ventricle

A

pumps blood through systemic circuit

79
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: ascending aorta

A

its branches supply the entire body

80
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: aortic arch

A

supplies most of the body

81
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: atrioventricular valves

A

prevents back flow of blood into the atria

82
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: chordae tendinae

A

actors cusps to papillary muscles; prevent eversion of the cusps

83
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: papillary muscles

A

actor chordae tendinae the the ventricle walls; prevent eversion of the cusps

84
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: semilunar valves

A

prevent back flow of blood into the ventricles

85
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: R & L coronary artery

A

supplies the heart

86
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: posterior inter-ventricular aa

A

supplies the posterior ventricular walls

87
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: anterior inter-ventricular aa

A

supplies the anterior ventricular walls and the inter-ventricular septum

88
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: coronary sinus

A

drains the heart

89
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: fibrous pericardium

A

anchors and protects the heart; prevents the heart from being overfilled with blood

90
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: brachiocephalic a

A

supplies the head, neck and R upper limb

91
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: : common carotid

A

supplies the head and neck

92
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: subclavian aa

A

supplies the upper limbs

93
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: posterior intercostal aa

A

supplies the vertebrae, spinal cord, intercostal muscles, and deep muscles of the back

94
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: external jugular vv

A

drain the scalp and face

95
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: subclavian vv

A

drain the upper limbs, scalp and face

96
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: internal jugular vv

A

drain the brain, face and neck

97
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: brachiocephalic vv

A

drain the upper limbs, brain, scalp, face, neck

98
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: superior vena cava

A

drain the upper limbs, face, scalp, brain, neck and thoracic wall

99
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: posterior intercostal vv

A

drain the thoracic wall

100
Q

Heart and Associated Vessels: azygos v

A

drains the thoracic wall

101
Q

Fetus and Placenta: thymus

A

secretes hormones: involved in immunity

102
Q

Fetus and Placenta: placenta

A

exchange of substances between maternal and fetal blood occurs here

103
Q

Fetus and Placenta: umbilical aa

A

flows through the fetus to the placenta

104
Q

Fetus and Placenta: umbilical v

A

flows from the placenta to the fetus

105
Q

Respiratory and Digestive Structures: trachea

A

air passageway

106
Q

Respiratory and Digestive Structures: main bronchi

A

air passageway

107
Q

Respiratory and Digestive Structures: lungs

A

involved in respiration and gas exchange

108
Q

Respiratory and Digestive Structures: secondary bronchi

A

air passageway

109
Q

Respiratory and Digestive Structures: esophagus

A

passageway for food and fluids

110
Q

Respiratory and Digestive Structures: vagus nerves

A

innervate the heart and lungs

111
Q

Respiratory and Digestive Structures: phrenic nerves

A

innervate the diaphragm

112
Q

Respiratory and Digestive Structures: sympathetic trunk ganglia

A

innervate the sweat glands, arrector pills muscles, blood vessels, heart, lungs, and esophagus

113
Q

Digestive Structures: stomach

A

passageway for food and fluids: does some digestion, site for temporary food storage

114
Q

Digestive Structures: rugae

A

prevent tearing of he mucosa when the stomach expands

115
Q

Digestive Structures: greater omentum

A

fat storage

116
Q

Digestive Structures: pyloric sphincter

A

regulates the rate at which chyme leaves the stomach

117
Q

Digestive Structures: small intestine

A

passageway for food and fluid; site where most digestion and absorption occurs

118
Q

Digestive Structures: plicae circulares

A

increase surface area

119
Q

Digestive Structures: mesentery

A

suspends and jejunum and ilium from the posterior body wall and prevents tangling

120
Q

Digestive Structures: large intestine

A

passageway for food and fluid; reabsorbs water and stores feces

121
Q

Digestive Structures: ileocecal valve

A

prevents the back flow of cecal contents into the ileum

122
Q

Digestive Structures: anal canal

A

regulates defecation

123
Q

Digestive Structures: falciform ligament

A

attaches the liver to the diaphragm and to the anterior body wall

124
Q

Digestive Structures: liver

A

produces bile and performs non-digestive functions

125
Q

Digestive Structures: gallbladder

A

stores and concentrates bile

126
Q

Digestive Structures: common hepatic duct

A

bile passageway

127
Q

Digestive Structures: cystic duct

A

bile passageway

128
Q

Digestive Structures: bile duct

A

bile passageway

129
Q

Digestive Structures: pancreas

A

secretes digestive enzymes, bicarbonate solution and hormones

130
Q

Functions of the vertebral column

A
  1. Supports the head and bears the weight of the body while still allowing movement of the head and trunk
  2. It protects the brain from shock produced by locomotion
  3. Muscle attachment
  4. Protects the spinal cord
131
Q

Function of intervertebral discs

A

Act as shock absorbers and they allow the column to flex and extend and, to a lesser extent, bend laterally,

132
Q

What is the significance of the increase in size of the vertebral bodies towards the end of the vertebral column? Where does the trend end?

A

With each disc, the vertebral column has to bear the entirety of the weight above it. Therefore, the bottom vertebral bodies are bigger because they have to bear the weight of all of the superior vertebral bodies. The trend ends at the sacrum because the body’s weight is then transferred to the pelvis.

133
Q

Function of the vertebral column curves

A
  1. Maintain upright posture
  2. add strength to the vertebral column
  3. absorbs shock
134
Q

Which curves of the vertebral column are primary? Secondary?

A

The thoracic and sacral curves are primary because they retained their original convex shape. Cervical and lumbar curves are secondary.

135
Q

When do certain vertebral column curves become more prevalent?

A

The cervical curve begins while the fetus in intrauterine and further develops when the infant begins to hold up his/her head and sit upright. The change in lumbar curve begins when a child starts to walk.

136
Q

Which regions of the spinal cord are flexible? Not flexible?

A

The cervical region is the most flexible followed by the lumbar region. The thoracic region is not very flexible and the sacral and coccyx region is the least flexible.

137
Q

Function of the thoracic cage?

A

It protects viscera of the thorax and provides attachment sites for muscles. The cage is flexible enough to allow movements needed for respiration.

138
Q

Function of muscles in the body wall

A

muscles of the body wall move the vertebral column, head, upper limbs and lower limbs. Some also cause ventilation (moving air into and out of the lungs), support abdominal viscera and compress the abdomen.

139
Q

Function of the breasts in the body wall

A

Contain mammary glands that are specialized sweat glands that produce and secrete milk that is used to nourish a newborn.

140
Q

Where do you find lateral horns in the spinal cord?

A

In the thoracic and superior lumbar segments (T2-L1)

141
Q

What is the thorax?

A

The thorax is the portion of the trunk superior to the diaphragm. It is composed of the thoracic body wall, the thoracic cavity, and the contents of the cavity which include structures of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, lymphatic, endocrine, and nervous system.

142
Q

What is fibrous pericardium?

A

A sac-like structure composed of dense connective tissue.

143
Q

What is the serous pericardium?

A

It is found deep to the fibrous pericardium and it has 2 parts: parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium. Parietal pericardium lines the fibrous pericardium and the visceral pericardium covers the heart. In between the two parts of the serous pericardium is a cavity called the pericardial cavity filled with friction-reducing pericardial fluid.

144
Q

Function of the placenta

A

The placenta has both fetal and maternal blood vessels. Gas, nutrient and waste exchange occurs between them.

145
Q

Function of the foramen oval and ductus arteriosus

A

Foramen ovale: and opening in the interatrial septum
Ductus arteriousus: a vessel connecting the pulmonary trunk and the aortic arch
Both allow most blood to bypass pulmonary circulation

146
Q

Function of the ductus venosus

A

Allow some blood to bypass the hepatic (liver) vessels.

147
Q

What is atrial natriuretic peptide?

A

Special cardiac muscle cells in the atria secrete this hormone. Its function is vasodilation.

148
Q

Function of pleural fluid?

A

Acts as a lubricant that reduces friction during lung movements. It also acts as an adhesive that helps in lung expansion and prevents collapse of the lungs.

149
Q

Whats the only portion of the digestive tract found in the thoracic cavity?

A

The esophagus. It extends from the laryngopharynx to the diaphragm.

150
Q

What is the hiatus?

A

A foramen in the diaphragm where the esophagus passes through to get to the abdominal cavity.

151
Q

What is the composition of the esophagus?

A

The first two thirds is composed of skeletal muscle and the last one third is composed of smooth muscle.

152
Q

What are ducts in the lymphatic system?

A

Ducts are the largest lymph vessels that drain all lymph into the venous system. They are located in the thorax.

153
Q

Function of the thymus in the endocrine system?

A

The thymus is and endocrine organ located over the heart. It is large and conspicuous (clearly visible) in infants. After puberty it begins to atrophy and is replaced almost entirely by connective tissue. The hormones it secretes are not well understood.

154
Q

Function of the vagus nerve in the nervous system?

A

It innervates structures in the thorax. Its sensory fibers send signals from sensory receptors to the brain. Some of these sensory fibers are found in blood vessels and they monitor blood pressure and plasma levels of certain gases. Motor signals traveling in vagus nerves affect heart rate and strength of contraction and depth and rate of breathing.

155
Q

Function of the sympathetic chain ganglia?

A

Influence heart rate, strength of contraction and blood vessel diameter.

156
Q

What is Tidal Volume (TV)?

A

the amount of air moving into or out of the lungs in one inspiration or expiration.

157
Q

What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?

A

Using maximal effort used to inspire as much air as possible and hold it. the amount of air you inspired above resting tidal volume is IRV.

158
Q

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?

A

Using maximal effort, after inspiring and expiring at resting tidal volume, expire as much air as possible. The amount of air you expired beyond tidal volume is ERV.

159
Q

What is Residual Volume (RV)?

A

The amount of air left in your lungs after a maximal expiration. Residual volume cannot be voluntarily removed.

160
Q

What is Inspiratory Capacity (IC)?

A

The sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume. TV + IRV = IC

161
Q

What is Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?

A

The sum of expiratory reserve volume and residual volume. ERV + RV =FRC

162
Q

What is Vital Capacity (VC)?

A

The sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume.
IRV + TV + ERV = VC

163
Q

What is Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?

A

The sum of all volumes.

IRV + TV+ ERV + RV= TLC

164
Q

How are lung volumes and capacities affected?

A

They can be affected by gender, age, height, and strength of respiratory muscles.

165
Q

What is the most frequent measurement used by clinicians as an index of lung function?

A

Forced vital capacity

166
Q

What is the difference between vital capacity and forced vital capacity?

A

Vital Capacity: Measures the amount of exhaled air when you breathe in as deeply as you can and exhale as much air as yo can.

Forced Vital Capacity: Measures the amount and RATE at which air is moved after you inspire as much air as you can and exhale as much air as you can as FAST as you can.

167
Q

Why is forced b=vital capacity measured rather than vital capacity?

A

Because many respiratory diseases do not change the amount of air moved but the RATE at which it is moved.

168
Q

What is Forced Expiratory Volume?

A

How much forced vital capacity is exhaled in a given amount of time. This gives and indication of expiratory power and the overall resistance to air movement.

169
Q

Why are percentages used to compare FEV values?

A

because a larger person will have larger values because of anatomical factors so percentages give a more accurate comparison. FEV/ FVC = FEV %

170
Q

What is Minute Ventilation?

A

The volume of air moving into or out of the respiratory tract in one minute. This value is obtained by multiplying VR (ventilation rate: the number of breaths per minute) by tidal volume.

171
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

The nonaveolar parts that contain air that doesn’t reach the alveoli. EX. nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. It is around 150ml or 0.5L in an adult.

172
Q

What is Alveolar Ventilation?

A

the amount of air reaching the alveoli in one minute. It is more valuable to know alveolar ventilation than minute ventilation.

AV = (TV- dead space) x VR

173
Q

Functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Maintaining correct concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the EFC
  2. Phonation (speech production)
  3. Regulating ECF pH.

Human Body (2 decks)

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