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Human Body > Lab Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Skull

A
  1. Protecting the brain and the organs of special senses (smell, taste, sight, hearing and equilibrium)
  2. forming openings by which air, food, and fluids enter the body
  3. Provide teeth and jaws for chewing
  4. Providing surfaces for the attachment of the muscles that move the head, jaw and eyes, as well as the muscles that produce facial expressions
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2
Q

What is the hyoid? What is it’s function?

A

Small bone found in the neck, does not articulate with another bone. Ligaments bind it to the skull. It serves as a movable base for the tongue and an attachment site for muscles that move the larynx during swallowing. 10 muscles are attached to this bone.

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3
Q

What is the vertebral column?

A

Found in the neck and composed of cervical vertebrae, ligaments and intervertebral discs.

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4
Q

Each vertebrae articulates with ______ but the first articuates with _____

A

Adjacent vertebrae; the skull

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5
Q

The _____ bind the vertebrae together.

A

ligaments and intervertebral discs

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6
Q

What is a bone marking?

A

The openings, bumps, and depressions found on all bones.

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7
Q

Do bone markings have functions?

A

YES. Ex. Opening allow for blood vessels and serves to enter and exit bones.

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8
Q

How do we name bone markings?

A

Many bone markings include a directional term.

Ex. each cervical vertebrae has a SUPERIOR articular articular facet.

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9
Q

What is mastication?

A

Chewing. It is partially voluntary and partially reflexive. We voluntary put food in our mouth and contract the muscles to close the jaws. The pattern and rhythm id reflexive but can be voluntary id desired.

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10
Q

What is a reflex?

A

An automatic response to stimuli

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11
Q

Name some parts of the axial skeleton

A

hyoid bone, cervical vertebrae, skull, etc.

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12
Q

RW: angul

A

an angle

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13
Q

RW: atla

A

A mythological Greek giant who held up the heavens

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14
Q

RW: axi

A

an axle

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15
Q

RW: bucc

A

the cheek

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16
Q

RW: cleid

A

clavicle

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17
Q

RW: crib

A

a sieve (strainer)

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18
Q

RW: crist

A

a projection

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19
Q

RW: dens

A

tooth-like

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20
Q

RW: di

A

two

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21
Q

RW: ethm

A

sieve-like

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22
Q

RW: frons

A

the forehead

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23
Q

RW: gast

A

belly

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24
Q

RW: labi

A

a lip

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25
Q

RW: lacr

A

a tear

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26
Q

RW: lambd

A

shaped like the greek letter lambda

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27
Q

RW: leva

A

to raise

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28
Q

RW: magn

A

large

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29
Q

RW: masseter

A

a chewer

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30
Q

RW: mast

A

breast shaped

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31
Q

RW: metope

A

the forehead

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32
Q

RW: nas

A

of the nose

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33
Q

RW: occip

A

the bad of the head

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34
Q

RW: occul

A

eye

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35
Q

RW: omo

A

shoulder

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36
Q

RW: opt

A

the eye; vision

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37
Q

RW: obicularis

A

circular

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38
Q

RW: ori

A

mouth

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39
Q

RW: par

A

near

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40
Q

RW: parie

A

a wall

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41
Q

RW: rotund

A

round

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42
Q

RW: sell

A

a saddle

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43
Q

RW: sept

A

a wall

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44
Q

RW: spin

A

a spine

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45
Q

RW: stern

A

the breastbone

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46
Q

RW: style

A

long and pointed

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47
Q

RW: turcica

A

Turkish

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48
Q

RW: vomer

A

a plow

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49
Q

Where is the frontal bone located?

A

the forehead

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50
Q

Where is the occipital bone located?

A

the back of the head

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51
Q

Which vertebrae articulates with the skull?

A

the atlas

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52
Q

RW: cervi

A

neck

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53
Q

RW: ment

A

chin

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54
Q

RW: inter

A

between

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55
Q

Both cranial and facial bones surround the ____.

A

nasal cavity and orbits

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56
Q

Why aren’t structures always visible on skulls as they are in figures?

A

As people age, sutures close (the fibrous CT binding the bones is replaced by bone). For most sutures, this does not begin until middle age and and is not completed until old age. However, some close early in life, around age 8.

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57
Q

What does Beauchene mean?

A

exploded.

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58
Q

Name all of the cranial bones

A

Frontal, pariental, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid

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59
Q

Name all of the facial bones

A

nasal, lacrimal, maxilla, zygomatic, palatine, vomer, interior nasal concha and mandible

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60
Q

Which cranial bone is also found in the facial skeleton?

A

frontal

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61
Q

Give the TWO facial bones that are single

A

mandible and vomer

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62
Q

Which is the one suture that is paired?

A

Squamous

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63
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

These are sinuses connected to the nasal cavity. At birth, these sinuses are rudimentary or not present. They start to enlarge when permanent teeth begin to erupt and continue to erupt until after puberty. The final size varies between individuals.

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64
Q

What is the function of sinuses?

A

The function is unclear. They lighten the scull but the saving in weight is trivial. they add resonance to the voice.

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65
Q

How is a sinus named?

A

it is named for the bone in which it is found.

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66
Q

Why is a sinus not visible until you cut into the skull?

A

Because it is a space inside a bone.

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67
Q

What are sutures?

A

Fibrous joints that bind nearly all skull bones together. In most cases, a suture binds two bones.

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68
Q

What type of joint is a suture?

A

synarthrotic

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69
Q

BMF: External auditory meatus (external acoustic meatus)

A

Lateral aspect of skull: Passageway for sound waves

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70
Q

BMF: Mastoid process

A

Lateral aspect of skull: attachment of digastric and sternocleidomastoid muscles

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71
Q

BMF: condylar process

A

Lateral aspect of skull: articulates with the mandibular fossa

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72
Q

BMF: coronoid process

A

Lateral aspect of skull: attachment of temporalis muscles

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73
Q

BMF: mental foramen

A

Lateral aspect of skull: blood vessel nerve passageway

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74
Q

BMF: temporal fossa

A

Lateral aspect of skull: attachment of temporalis

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75
Q

BMF: zygomatic arch

A

Lateral aspect of skull: attachment of master muscle

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76
Q

BMF: styloid process

A

Lateral aspect of skull: ligaments and tendons attach here

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77
Q

BMF: orbit

A

Anterior: muscles attachment and protects eye

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78
Q

BMF: optic canal

A

Anterior: Cranial nerve passageway

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79
Q

BMF: superior orbital fissure

A

Anterior: cranial nerve passageway

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80
Q

BMF: nasal cavity

A

Anterior: air passageway

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81
Q

BMF: hard palate

A

Inferior: separates oral and nasal cavities

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82
Q

BMF: mandibular fossa

A

Inferior: articulates with the mandibular fossa

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83
Q

BMF: carotid canal

A

Inferior: blood vessel passageway

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84
Q

BMF: stylomastoid foramen

A

Inferior: cranial nerve passageway

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85
Q

BMF: foramen magnum

A

Inferior: spinal cord passageway

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86
Q

BMF: occipital condyle

A

Inferior: articulates with the atlas

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87
Q

BMF: external occipital protuberance

A

Inferior: attachment of trapezius muscles

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88
Q

BMF: superior nucal line

A

Inferior: attachment of trapezius muscle

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89
Q

BMF: critsta galli

A

Cranial cavity (anterior cranial fossa): attachment of dura matter

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90
Q

BMF: cribriform plate

A

Cranial cavity (anterior cranial fossa): cranial nerve passageway

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91
Q

BMF: stella turcica

A

Cranial cavity (middle cranial fossa): location of the pituitary gland

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92
Q

BMF: foramen rotundum

A

Cranial cavity (middle cranial fossa): cranial nerve passageway

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93
Q

BMF: foramen ovale

A

Cranial cavity (middle cranial fossa): cranial nerve passageway

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94
Q

BMF: internal acoustic meatus (internal auditory meatus)

A

Cranial cavity (posterior cranial fossa): cranial nerve passageway

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95
Q

BMF: jugular foramen

A

Cranial cavity (posterior cranial fossa): cranial nerve passageway

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96
Q

BMF: hypoglossal canal

A

Cranial cavity (posterior cranial fossa): cranial nerve passageway

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97
Q

Which 7 bones compose the walls of each orbit?

A

frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, ethmoid, lacrimal and palatine

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98
Q

Are ALL bone markings listen under lateral aspect paired?

A

YES

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99
Q

Which two bones compose the zygomatic arch?

A

zygomatic and temporal

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100
Q

Which 3 inferior aspect bone markings are single?

A

hard palate, foramen rotundum, and external occipital protuberance

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101
Q

The mandibular fossa is on the ____ bone.

A

temporal

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102
Q

A carotid canal is [medial or lateral] to the styloid process of the same side?

A

medial

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103
Q

The part of the hard palate formed by the palatine bones is [anterior or posterior] to the part formed by the maxillae?

A

posterior

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104
Q

A foramen fotundum is [ anterior or posterior] to the foramen ovale of the same side.

A

anterior

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105
Q

A jugular foramen is [medial or lateral] to the foramen magnum?

A

lateral

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106
Q

What is the metric structure of a fetal skeleton?

A

This is what binds the two frontal bones together. this suture begins to close at age two and is usually obliterated by age 8- producing a single frontal bone BUT in some individuals, this suture never closes.

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107
Q

What is the fontanel of the fetal skeleton? What is their purpose?

A

These are the fibrous membranes that make up the skull bones. Eventually, these fibrous membranes are replaced by bones. ALL FONTANELS ARE REPLACED BY BONE BY AGE 2! Their purpose is to allow the skull to be compressed at brith, making it easier to pass through the birthing canal.

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108
Q

BMF: vertebral body

A

Vertebral column: bears weight and articulates with adjacent vertebral bodies

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109
Q

BMF: dens

A

Vertebral column: articulates with the atlas

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110
Q

BMF: vertebral foramen

A

Vertebral column: passageway for spinal cord

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111
Q

BMF: vertebral arch

A

Vertebral column: protects spinal cord

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112
Q

BMF: spinous process

A

Vertebral column: muscle attachment

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113
Q

BMF: bifid spinous process

A

Vertebral column: muscle attachment

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114
Q

BMF: transverse process

A

Vertebral column: muscle attachment

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115
Q

BMF: transverse foramina

A

Vertebral column: passageways for vertebral arteries and veins

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116
Q

BMF: Superior articula facets

A

Vertebral column: Articulate with inferior articular facets of superior vertebrae (except those of C1 which articulate with occipital condyles)

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117
Q

BMF: inferior articular facets

A

Vertebral column: articulate with superior articular facets of inferior vertebrae

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118
Q

What is the vertebral canal formed by?

A

vertebral foramina

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119
Q

Are transverse foramina found on ALL cervical vertebrae and not any other types of vertebrae?

A

YES

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120
Q

What are Temporomandibular joints?

A

Commonly called jaw joints or TMJ. These undergo depression and elevation.

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121
Q

Explain depression, elevation, protraction, retraction, lateral excursion, and medial excursion.

A

Depression: open your mouth
Elevation: close your mouth
Protraction: mandible moves forward
Retraction: bringing the mandible back to normal position
Lateral excursion: moving your mandible to the right or left
Medial excursion: bringing the mandible back to its normal position

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122
Q

A: any suture

A

S: fibrous
F: synarthrosis
M: none

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123
Q

A: tooth with jaw bone

A

S: fibrous
F: synarthrosis
M: none

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124
Q

A: temporomandibular

A

S: synovial; modified hinge
F: diarthrosis; biaxial
M: depression, elevation

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125
Q

A: intervertebral bodies

A

S: cartilaginous
F: amphiarthrosis
M:

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126
Q

A: intervertebral facets

A

S: synovial; plane
F: diarthrosis; non-axial
M:

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127
Q

A: atlanto-occipital

A

S: synovial; condylar
F: diarthrosis; bi-axial
M:

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128
Q

A: median atlanto-axial

A

S: synovial; pivot
F: diarthrosis; uniaxial

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129
Q

Elevation and depression of the mandible are [angular/ gliding/ rotational] movements.

A

angular

130
Q

Protraction, retraction, lateral and medial excursion of the mandible are [angular/ gliding/ rational] movements.

A

gliding

131
Q

CS/F: Temporalis muscle

A

elevates and retracts the mandible

132
Q

CS/F: Masseter muscle

A

elevates the mandible

133
Q

CS/F: obicularis oculi muscle

A

closes the eyelid

134
Q

CS/F: obicularis oris muscle

A

closes, purses, and protrudes the lips

135
Q

CS/F: zygomaticus major muscle

A

smiling

136
Q

CS/F: levator/ depressor anguli iris muscle

A

elevates/ depresses the corner of the mouth

137
Q

CS/F: levator/ depressor labii superioris muscle

A

elevates/ depresses upper/ lower lip

138
Q

CS/F: buccinator muscle

A

flattens the cheek against teeth (sucking or swallowing)

139
Q

CS/F: sternocleidomastoid

A

Contraction of both flexes the neck, contraction of one rotates the head to the opposite side and laterally tilts he head to the same side.

140
Q

CS/F: digastric muscle

A

depresses the mandible and elevates the hyoid

141
Q

CS/F: Sternohyoid muscle

A

depresses the hyoid and larynx

142
Q

CS/F: omohyoid muscle

A

depresses the hyoid

143
Q

CS/F: sternothyroid muscle

A

depresses the larynx and hyoid

144
Q

CS/F: thyrohyoid muscle

A

depresses the hyoid and raises the larynx

145
Q

CS/F: trapezius muscle

A

extends the head

146
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

composed primarily of nervous tissue and it controls many body activities.

147
Q

What needs to happen for the nervous system to operate?

A

information must flow from one cell to another

148
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A junction where information is traveled from one cell to another.
Ex. sensory neurons synapse with interneurons which synapse with motor neurons which synapse with effector cells
Ex. neuromuscular junction

149
Q

What composes the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

150
Q

Where is the brain located?

A

The cranial cavity

151
Q

What are the three autonomic areas of the brain?

A

forebrain, hindbrain and midbrain

152
Q

Where is the spinal cord found?

A

The spinal cord is continuous with the hindbrain and is found in the vertebral canal.

153
Q

How many segments does the vertebral canal have?

A

31 segments divided into 5 groups

154
Q

Do both the brain and spinal cord have blood vessels?

A

YES

155
Q

What is nervous tissue composed of?

A

neurons and neuroglia

156
Q

Do neurons have dendrites, cell bodies and axons?

A

YES

157
Q

What do you call a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS?

A

A nucleus.

158
Q

What do you call a collection of nerve fibers?

A

A tract.

159
Q

There are around ___ neuroglia cells for every neuron in the CNS. Why?

A
  1. Because neuroglia in the CNS are much smaller and more numerous than neurons.
160
Q

How many types of neuroglia are in the CNS? What are their functions?

A

FOUR.

  1. Support and hold neurons in their proper spacial relationships.
  2. Phagocytize dead neurons and microorganisms.
  3. Produce and move cerebral spinal fluid
  4. Form myelin sheaths (an insulating covering for axons).
161
Q

What is white matter? Gray matter?

A

Myelin is white, therefore, white matter is nervous tissue composed of myelinated nerve fibers. Unmyelinated nerve fibers and cell bodies are gray, so areas mostly composed of these structures are called gray matter.

162
Q

What is the PNS consist of?

A

Neuroglia, ganglia and nerves.

163
Q

How many types of neuroglia are in the PNS? What are their functions?

A

TWO

  1. Support and hold neurons in place
  2. Produce myelin sheaths.
164
Q

What is a ganglion(s)?

A

A collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS. Two types; dorsal root ganglia (contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons) and autonomic ganglia (contain the cell body of motor neurons).

165
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A group of axons bound together by three connective tissue sheaths (Epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium).

166
Q

Do nerves have blood and lymph vessels?

A

YES

167
Q

How does a nerve vary in size?

A

A nerve can be large or small depending on the number of fibers within it. Some nerves have thousands of nerve fibers.

168
Q

Are nerves sensory, motor or mixed?

A

They can be any of those but almost all nerves are mixed nerves. Only two nerves are purely sensory (olfactory and optic) and very few- if any- are purely motor.

169
Q

Is the spinal CORD apart of the CNS or PNS?

A

CNS.

170
Q

Nerve fibers are [axons/ dendrites/ neither of these].

A

axons

171
Q

Are nerves CNS or PNS?

A

PNS

172
Q

Nerves are divided into __ pairs of cranial nerve and __ pairs of spinal nerves based on where they attach to the CNS.

A

12 ; 31

173
Q

Cranial nerves attach to the __ while spinal nerves attach to the ____.

A

brain ; spinal cord

174
Q

Which cranial nerves are attached to the forebrain, the mid brain, and the hind brain?

A

The first two pairs attach to the forebrain, the third and forth pairs attach to the mid brain and the remaining cranial nerves attach to the hindbrain.

175
Q

What is special about cranial nerve 10?

A

Vagas innervates structures located outside the head and neck region.

176
Q

How can cranial nerves be described as both entering and exiting the skull?

A

Sensory signals travel towards the brain while motor signals travel away from the brain. So sensory neurons enter the skull while motor neurons leave the skull.

177
Q

How are spinal nerves named and numbered?

A

By the spinal cord segment for which they attach.

178
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves attach to the cervical segments? Where do they emerge from?

A

8; The first pair of spinal nerves leaves the vertebral canal between the skull and the atlas. The others emerge via intervertebral foramina.

179
Q

What is a nerve plexus? How many are there?

A

The joining of ventral rami to one another ; 5

  1. Cervical Nerves (8)
  2. Thoracic Nerves (12)
  3. Lumbar Nerves (5)
  4. Sacral Nerves (5)
  5. Coccygeal Nerve (1)
180
Q

Each spinal nerve branches into a ___ and a ____.

A

Dorsal ramis and ventral ramis. Each dorsal and ventral ramus separates into smaller and smaller nerves.

181
Q

Cranial Nerve: Olfactory

A

1: Cribriform plate

182
Q

Cranial Nerve: Optic

A

2: Optic canal

183
Q

Cranial Nerve: Oculomotor

A

3: Superior Orbital Fissure

184
Q

Cranial nerve: Trochlear

A

4: Superior Orbital Fissure

185
Q

Cranial Nerve: Trigeminal Branches

A

5:
Ophthalmic: Superior Orbital Fissure
Maxilla: Foramen Rotundum
Mandibular: Foramen Ovale

186
Q

Cranial Nerve: Abducens

A
  1. Superior Orbita Fissure
187
Q

Cranial Nerve: Facial

A
  1. Internal acoustic meatus and stylomastoid foramen
188
Q

Cranial Nerve: Vestibulocochlear

A
  1. Internal Acoustic meatus
189
Q

Cranial Nerve: Glossopharyngeal

A

9: Jugular Foramen

190
Q

Cranial Nerve: Vagas

A

10: Jugular Foramen

191
Q

Cranial Nerve: Accessory

A

11: Jugular Foramen

192
Q

Cranial Nerve: Hypoglossal

A

12: Hypoglossal Canal

193
Q

What is a sensory receptor?

A

They respond to changes in the external environment.

194
Q

General Senses

A

Touch, pressure, stretch, vibration, temperature, pain and “muscle sense”(knowing the body’s position.

195
Q

Special Senses

A

Smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium.

196
Q

What are general sense receptors?

A

modified dendritic endings (sensory terminals) of sensory neurons.

197
Q

Non encapsulated vs. Encapsulated Receptors

A

Non encapsulated: found nearly everywhere in the body and most end in small knob-like swellings. They respond primarily to temperature and painful stimuli but also to touch and movement of hair. Some even respond to itch.
Ex. free nerve endings and hair follicle receptors

Encapsulated: surrounded by connective tissue capsules. Almost all encapsulated receptors are mechanoreceptors and they respond to touch, vibration, pressure and stretch.
Ex. Tactile Corpuscles, lamellar corpuscles, muscle spindles and tendon organs.

198
Q

Motor endings

A

The axons of motor neurons terminate here.

199
Q

Axon terminals

A

The endings of motor neurons innervating skeletal muscles.

200
Q

Varicosities

A

A series of swellings on the motor endings of smooth muscles and glands that make the distal ends of these axons look like strings of beads.

201
Q

Menings

A

Connective tissue membranes that surround the brain nd spinal cord, protecting the soft delicate nervous tissue
Ex. dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater. Dura mater is the toughest out of the three.

202
Q

Dura Mater

A

Leathery, touch and elastic protective layer that covers the brain. Has 2 layers that for the most part are fused to gather but certain portions are not fused.

203
Q

What do you call the spaces the separated layers of dura mater?

A

Dural venus sinuses (blood leaving the brain drains into these sinuses and then into large veins in the neck.

204
Q

What are arachnoid villi?

A

Knob-like projections of the arachnoid mater that protrude through the dura mater into some of the dural sinuses.

205
Q

Which mater (dura, arachnoid, pia) clings tightly to the brain and spinal cord?

A

Pia mater

206
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

this contains cerebral spinal fluid and blood vessels and is found between the arachnoid and pia maters ( the web-like extensions of arachnoid mater span this space)

207
Q

What is a hematoma? Where is a subdural hematoma located?

A

A mass of clotted blood; between the dura matter and arachnoid matter

208
Q

What is a Ventricular System? What structures make up the ventricular system in the brain and spinal cord?

A

A series of spaces found in the CNS and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid ; the brain has two lateral ventricles, a third ventricle, a cerebral aqueduct, and a fourth ventricle. The spinal cord has a central canal.

209
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid? How often (if ever) is it replaced?

A

Protects CNS structures by acting as a liquid cushion. It also helps nourish the CNS cells. It is found both inside and outside of the CNS. Through the process of formation, circulation and removal, the entire volume of CSF is replaced after every 8 hours.

210
Q

What happens if CSF is not removed and replaced?

A

If removal does not keep up with production, CSF will accumulate and exert pressure on the brain which could lead to brain damage.

211
Q

RW: arbor

A

tree-like

212
Q

RW: cereb

A

the brain

213
Q

RW: chias

A

X-shaped

214
Q

RW: cochl

A

a snail shell; spiral

215
Q

RW: corp

A

a body

216
Q

RW: cort

A

bark (outer layer)

217
Q

RW: ellum

A

small

218
Q

RW: encephal

A

brain

219
Q

RW: falx

A

sickle-shaped

220
Q

RW: gloss

A

the tongue

221
Q

RW: infundibul

A

a funnel

222
Q

RW: noci

A

harm

223
Q

RW: olfact

A

smell

224
Q

RW: pharyn

A

the throat

225
Q

RW: pinea

A

pine cone

226
Q

RW: pons

A

a bridge

227
Q

RW: quadragem

A

quadruplets

228
Q

RW: sept

A

a wall

229
Q

RW: tentori

A

a tent

230
Q

RW: trochle

A

a pulley

231
Q

RW: vag

A

wandering

232
Q

RW: verm

A

worm-like

233
Q

RW: vit

A

life

234
Q

CS/F: arachnoid mater

A

protects brain; absorbs cerebrospinal fluid

235
Q

CS/F: pia mater

A

protects brain

236
Q

CS/F: cerebrum

A

perception, cognition, memory, initiates voluntary movement

237
Q

CS/F: frontal lobes

A

voluntary motor activity, speech, thinking

238
Q

CS/F: parietal lobes

A

integrate sensory input from body’s surface about cold, heat, touch, pressure and pain.

239
Q

CS/F: temporal lobes

A

receive sensory input and sound

240
Q

CS/F: occipital lobes

A

process visual sensory input

241
Q

CS/F: corpus callosum

A

fibers connect cerebral hemispheres

242
Q

CS/F: olfactory tracts

A

carry sensory input about smell

243
Q

CS/F: olfactory bulbs

A

receive sensory input from CN1

244
Q

CS/F: thalamus

A

integrates all types of sensory input and relays it to the cerebrum.

245
Q

CS/F: hypothalamus

A

Integrates many homeostatic functions; secretes neurohormones

246
Q

CS/F: pineal gland

A

Secretes melatonin

247
Q

CS/F: infundibulum

A

connects the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland

248
Q

CS/F: Optic nerves

A

Carry sensory input about vision

249
Q

CS/F: Optic chiasm

A

some optic nerve fibers cross here.

250
Q

CS/F: optic tracts

A

sensory input about vision

251
Q

CS/F: cerebral aquaduct

A

a tunnel linking the third and fourth ventricles

252
Q

CS/F: corporal peduncles

A

contain fibers that carry motor output from the cerebrum to other regions of CNS; attachment site of CN 3

253
Q

CS/F: cerebellum

A

smooths and coordinates skeletal muscle movement

254
Q

CS/F: pons

A

has respiratory centers and fiber tracts that connect the cerebrum to the cerebellum and to the spinal cord; attachment site of CN 5, 6 and 7.

255
Q

CS/F: Medulla oblongata

A

controls respiration and heart rate, fiber tracts carry motor output from the midbrain to the spinal cord; CN 3 attaches to pons medulla border; CN 9, 10, 11, and 12 attach to the medulla oblongata

256
Q

CS/F: spinal cord dura mater

A

protects the spinal cord

257
Q

CS/F: arachnoid matter spinal cord

A

protects the spinal cord and absorbs cerebral spinal fluid

258
Q

CS/F: spinal cord pia mater

A

protects the spinal cord

259
Q

CS/F: dorsal root

A

fibers carry sensory input

260
Q

CS/F: dorsal root ganglia

A

location of cell bodies of sensory neurons

261
Q

CS/F: Ventral root

A

fibers carry motor output

262
Q

CS/F: cervical spinal nerves

A

convey sensory input and motor output

263
Q

CS/F: cervical enlargement

A

attachment site of nerves innervating the upper limbs

264
Q

What is a reflex? What are the 2 types?

A

A response to a stimulus that occur automatically; without conscious effort.

  1. simple (basic) reflex: built-in, unlearned responses
  2. acquired (conditioned) reflexes: a result of practicing and learning
265
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

A pathway of a reflex which typically has five components:

  1. sensory receptor that sects a stimulus
  2. a sensory/ afferent pathway
  3. Integration center
  4. motor/ efferent pathway
  5. an effector
266
Q

If the same stimulus is repeated, will the response be similar?

A

No. the response can be modified by a variety of factors such as experience, conscious thought, additional sensory input and condition of the effector.

267
Q

What are the two classifications for reflexes (effector)?

A

Visceral and somatic, depending on the effector involved.
Visceral: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Somatic: skeletal muscles

268
Q

What are two classifications of reflexes (location of integration center)?

A

Cranial: integration center in the brain
Ex. pupillary reflex
Spinal: integration center in the spinal cord
Ex. Patella reflex

269
Q

A ___ reflex can by modified by input from the brain.

A

spinal

270
Q

What is the importance of muscle spindles?

A

They are receptors of stretch reflexes
You need this for maintaining upright posture.
Ex. the patellar reflex helps keep your knees from buckling when you’re standing. if your knee begins to buckle (flex) while you are standing, the quadriceps femurs muscle is stretched, stimulating muscle spindles as they send information about the stretch to the CNS. As a result, motor output is sent, causing contraction of the quadriceps muscle and thus, extension of the knee which keeps you standing.

271
Q

Do reflexes play a major role in homeostasis?

A

Yes!

272
Q

Give an example of a reflex involving a negative feedback loop!

A

Most of the negative feedback loops that control variables of the extracellular fluid are reflexes.

273
Q

Why is testing spinal reflexes in medicine and athletics important?

A

It is used to access function or loss of function at various levels of the spinal cord. For example, if the patellar reflex is absent or abnormal, this may indicate damage to the spinal cord in the second, third or fourth lumbar segments since these are responsible for reflex.

274
Q

What were the average maximum degrees of rotation for the patellar reflex from highest degree to lowest?

A

Stronger- modified, normal- weakest

275
Q

The latent period of the ____ response is shorter, why?

A

reflexive; because its a simple reflex arc and it doesn’t need to go all the way to the brain

276
Q

A normal patellar reflex’s maximum degree of rotation is larger than that of a patellar reflex elicited by a weaker stimulus. T/F?

A

TRUE

277
Q

A normal patellar reflex’s maximum degree of rotation is smaller than that of a patellar reflex elicited by a stronger stimulus. T/F?

A

TRUE

278
Q

A normal patellar reflex’s maximum degree of rotation is larger than that of a patellar reflex elicited when the subject’s upper limb muscle were contracted. T/F?

A

FALSE

279
Q

What are muscle spindles composed of?

A

Modified skeletal muscle cells

280
Q

What is descending inhibition?

A

Continual inhibiting signals sent from the brain to motor neurons in the spinal cord to DAMPEN a reflex.

281
Q

What effect does descending inhibition have on reflexes?

A

If you occupy the brain with another stimulus, it will decrease descending inhibition, causing and increased degree of rotation because the brain is no longer being told to damped that stimulus because it has become distracted.

282
Q

Olfaction (smell) and gustation (taste) are usually referred to as the ____ senses. Because…

A

chemical; they detect chemicals in the external environment.

283
Q

What are olfactory cells? What do they respond to? Where are they found?

A

Olfactory cells are receptors that respond to chemicals in the air; they are bipolar neurons and are located along supporting cells in olfactory epithelium (an epithelium lining the roof of the nasal cavity).

284
Q

What is a taste bud? Where are they located?

A

They are the sense organ for taste. they are located in the papillae of the tongue and contain gustatory cells and basal epithelial cells.

285
Q

What are gustatory cells?

A

Made of modified epithelium and they respond to chemicals in food or drink.

286
Q

Where do signal from gustatory cells travel?

A

along sensory neuron in cranial nerves 7, 9 and 10

287
Q

What can stimulate gustatory cells?

A

Molecules in solution- whether injected fluids or dissolved in saliva.

288
Q

What tide are gustatory cells made out of?

A

Modified epithelial cells

289
Q

What is Umami?

A

A subtle taste responsible for the beef taste and the characteristic of the tang of aging cheese.

290
Q

Can people taste long chain fatty acids?

A

YES

291
Q

How you we acquire the salt, sour, sweet, umami or bitter taste?

A

salt: produced by Na+ and K+ ions
sour: acids (hydrogen ions)
Sweet and bitter tastes are elicited by many chemicals (not just one) most of which are organic.
Sugar: sugars, alcohols and some amino acids elicit the sweet taste
Bitter: Alkaloids (such as caffeine) and long-chain fatty acids and substances that contain nitrogen are some substances that taste bitter
Umami: the amino acids aspirate and glutamate elicit umami

292
Q

An acidic taste is sometimes an indication of ____ while the bitter food is an indication of____.

A

rotting; toxins

293
Q

What are the sensory receptors of vision? Where are they located?

A

Rods and a cons located in the retina

294
Q

Distinguish between Rods and Cones

A 
Rods= black and white
Cones= color
295
Q

Sensory input about vision reaches the brain via ______

A

CN2

296
Q

What is the significance of the focal point of the eye?

A

Light needs to travel through the focal point but the rays of light must intersect at this focal point in order for vision to be clear. Light need to be refracted to this point in order to see sharp and clear images.

297
Q

What two senses are located in the ear?

A

Audition (hearing) and equilibrium.

298
Q

Do all three regions of the ear (external, middle, internal) have structures involved in hearing? Which region has structures involved in equilibrium as well?

A

YES; internal ear

299
Q

Describe the external ear..

A

A flap of skin on either side of the head flooded by a canal.

300
Q

What is the tympanic membrane?

A

Also known as the ear drum. Lies between the external ear and the middle ear.

301
Q

What bones are found in the middle ear?

A

Ossicles- 3 small bones

302
Q

What are the parts of the internal ear?

A

Bony labyrinth and membraneous labyrinth.

303
Q

What is the bony labyrinth? Membraneous labyrinth?

A

Bony labyrinth is a maze of tunnels in the temporal bone, a space within the temporal bone.
Membraneous labyrinth is a continuous series of membraneous sacs and ducts fount wishing the bony labyrinth.

304
Q

Where is perilymph found in the ear? Endolymph?

A

Inner ear: Perilymph surrounds the membraneous labyrinth and endolymph fills it.

305
Q

How is the bony labyrinth divided? Describe this.

A

Cochlea, vistibule and semicircular canals.

The cochlear duct is part of the membraneous labyrinth found in the cochlea. The vestibule houses two portions of the membraneous labyrinth ( utricle and saccule) and the semicircular ducts are the parts of the membraneous labyrinth found in the semicircular canals.

306
Q

What are the two parts of the cochlea?

A

scala vestiboli and scala tympani

307
Q

What are the receptors for hearing and equilibrium? How to they work?

A

modified epithelial cells called hair cells. The hairs for hearing are found in the cochlear duct, respond to sound waves (vibrations of air caused by sounds).

308
Q

Describe the process of being able to hear

A

Sound waves must travel through the external ear to the tympanic membrane (ear drum), causing it to vibrate. These vibrations cause the auditory ossicles to move which causes movement of fluids in the internal ear that stimulate the hair cells of hearing.

309
Q

What is the importance of hair cells for equilibrium? Where are they found?

A

Found in the utricle, saccule and semicircular ducts, respond to changes in the position of movement of the head.

310
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A

When a sensory receptor is repeatedly exposed to the same stimulus, it will become less sensitive to that stimulus. This means fewer or no signals about the stimuli are being sent to the CNS. The decreased sensitivity is called sensory adaptation.

311
Q

EYE S/F: eyebrow`

A

each shades an eye

312
Q

EYE S/F: upper and lower eyelids

A

Protects the eye from injury, sunlight and drying

313
Q

EYE S/F: eyelashes

A

shields they eye

314
Q

EYE S/F: conjunctiva

A

produces mucous that prevents the eye from drying

315
Q

EYE S/F: extrinsic eye muscles

A

moves the eyes, helps maintain the shapes of the eyes and holds the eyes in the orbits.

316
Q

EYE S/F: lacrimal glands

A

produces lacrimal secretions

317
Q

EYE S/F: lacrimal sac

A

passageway for tears

318
Q

EYE S/F: nasolacrimal duct

A

passageway for tears

319
Q

Explain the process of producing tears

A

The lacrimal glands continuously produce and secrete lacrimal secretions called tears into the space between the eye and the eyelid. Blinking spreads tears over the eyeball. At the medial corner of the eye, tears drain into tubes that lead into the lacrimal sac. From there, tears drain into the nasolacrimal duct and then into the nasal cavity.

320
Q

EYE S/F: sclera

A

protects internal structures, maintains shape of eyeball, provides a sturdy site for attachment of entropic eye muscles.

Human Body (2 decks)

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