Lab Exam #3 Flashcards
What are the 3 characteristics of fungi?
- cell walls of chitin
- non-motile (incapable of moving)
- nutrients obtained by absorption (absorptive heterotrophs)
What is the structure of fungi?
Hypha - filament
- asephate - no cross walls
- coenocytic - continuous mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei
- septate - cross walls present
In regard to fungi structure, what grows underground?
Mycelium (a mass of filaments called hyphae)
In regard to fungi structure, what grows above ground?
Fruiting bodies, which are reproductive structures
What are the roles of fungi?
- foods, medicines, alcohol
- decomposers (saprobic fungi) –> ex. lichens, mycorrhizae
- ## parasitism
What are the important parts of the fungi life cycle?
- zygotic meiosis
- plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm — n+n)
- karyogamy (fusion of nuclei — 2n)
What specific reproductive structure is each phyla named after?
- Zygomycota
- Ascomycota
- Basidiomycota
- zygosporangium
- ascocarp
- basidiocarp
What kind of relationship do lichens have?
A symbiotic relationship between an ascomycete/basidiomycete and a green algae
Define zygotic meiosis
part of a fungi’s sexual life cycle where the organism exists for more of the time as a multicellular, haploid organism.
- at some point in the haploid phase, gametes are produced by mitosis
- the diploid zygote undergoes a meiotic division and haploid spores are the result.
- these spores germinate to produce a new multicellular
What are the key characteristics of animals?
- multicellular
- heterotrophic (ingestive)
- motile
- gametic life cycle (diagnostic embryonic development — blastula and gastrula formation)
Explain gametic meiosis
1) multicellular diploid individual undergoes meiosis
2) gametes are formed (haploid), which undergo syngamy
3) a zygote is formed (diploid), which undergoes mitosis
4) a multicellular diploid individual is formed
What is the basal lineage of Metazoa and it’s key characteristics?
Phylum Porifera
- no true tissues or organs
- radial symmetry (or none)
What is the basal lineage of Eumetazoa and it’s key characteristics?
Phylum Radiata
- tissues and organs
- radial or bilateral symmetry
Phylum Bilateria
- tissues and organs
- bilateral symmetry, triploblastic
What are the Bilateria lineages and what are their key characteristics?
Protosomes
- spiral and determinate cleavage
- schizocoelous
- blastopore —> mouth
Deuterostomes
- radial and indeterminate cleavage
- Enterocoelous
- blastopore —> anus
What are the 3 coelom types? Define each
- Acoelomate (no body cavity)
- Pseudocoelomate (body cavity partially lined with mesoderm
- Eucoelomate (true coelom entirely lined with mesoderm)
What are the bilateria lineages under Phylum Protostomia?
- Lophotrochozoa (molecular evidence, a lophophore, or trochophore larva)
- Ecdysozoa (molecular evidence, shedding of outermost layer)
What organisms are in Phylum Cnidaria?
- Medusozoans (hydra, man-o-war, jellyfish)
- Anthozoans (corals, anemones)
What organisms are in Phylum Platyhelminthes?
- Planarians
- Flukes
- Tapeworms
What organisms are in Phylum Mollusca?
- Class Polyplacophora (chitons)
- Class Gastropoda (snails and slugs)
- Class Bivalvia (clams, oysters, mussels)
- Class Cephalopoda (squid, octopuses, nautiluses)
What organisms are in Phylum Annelida?
- polychaetes
- earthworms
- leeches
What are the key characteristics of Porifera?
- asymmetrical (Radial) body symmetry
- lack true tissues
- marine and freshwater habitat
- free-living
- oscula
- spongocoel
- pores lined with choanocytes
What does an ascocarp consist of and what type of reproduction is it a part of?
- ascospores
- asci
What are the 3 types of ascocarps?
- cleistothecium (closed and spherical)
- perithecium (vase-shaped with a small pore at one end)
- apothecium (cup-shaped)
What 2 types of hyphae are there?
- aseptate and coenocytic (do not have cross-walls and instead consist of a continuous mass of cytoplasm containing many nuclei)
- septate (cross walls of some form are present)
What is a key characteristic of Ecdysozoans?
all display ecdysis
- molting of outermost layer
What three categories are in Phylum Arthropoda
- Chelicerates (spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions)
- Pancrustaceans
- —> Isopoda, decapoda, maxillopoda, branchiopoda
- —> Hexapoda (insects): hemiptera, coleoptera, diptera, hymenoptera, lepidoptera
- myriapods (centipedes and millipedes)
What are some key characteristics of deuterostomes?
- radial, indeterminate cleavage
- enterocoelous coelom formation
- blastopore forms anus
What are some key characteristics of Phylum Chordata?
- pharyngeal gills slits
- notochord
- dorsal hollow nerve cord
- post-anal tail
What are the subphylums in phylum chordata?
- Cephalochordata (lancelots)
- Urochordata (tunicates)
- Vertebrata (vertebrates)
What are the animals in phylum echinodermata?
- sea stars
- urchins, sand dollars
- sea cucumbers
What characteristics does Porifera have?
- no true tissue
What characteristics does Cnidaria have?
- true tissue
- radial symmetry
What characteristics do Chordata and Echinodermata have?
- true tissues
- bilateral symmetry
- Deuterostomia (indeterminate cleavage)
What characteristics do arthropoda and nematoda have?
- true tissues
- bilateral symmetry
- Ecdysozoa (cuticle)
- protostermia (determinate cleavage)
What characteristics do platyhelminthes, mollusca, annelida, and rotifa have?
- true tissues
- bilateral symmetry
- protostermia (determinate cleavage)
- lophotrochozoa (lophoophores and trachophores)
What defines order hemiptera?
partially hardened wings (true bugs)
What defines order coleoptera?
hardened wings (beetles)
What defines order diptera?
2 membranous wings (flies)
What defines order hymenoptera?
4 membranous wings, one pair smaller than the other (wasps, bees, and ants)
What defines order leidoptera?
four large wings (butterflies and moths)
