Lab Exam #2 Flashcards
Define unicellular
consisting of a single cell
Define colonial
several individual organisms living together in close association
Define multicellular
consisting of multiple cells
Define a photoautotroph
a photosynthetic organism
Define a heterotroph
an organism that consumes other organisms in a food chain (e.g., phagocytosis)
Define a mixotroph
a combination of photoautotroph and heterotroph
Define syngamy
the fusion of two cells, or of their nuclei, in reproduction
Define binary fission
asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies
Define budding
a form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from some generative anatomical point of the parent organism
Define fragmentation and regeneration
Fragmentation is a type of asexual reproduction when a living being breaks into various pieces or smaller pieces of itself.
Regeneration is a process where there is complete or partial regrowth of damaged tissues in any living organism.
What is categorized in SAR clade?
- Stramenopiles
- Alveolates
- Rhizarians
What is categorized in clade Archaeplastida?
- red algae*
- chlorophytes*
- charophytes*
- land plants
What is categorized in clade Excavata?
- diplomonads
- parabasalids
- euglenozoans*
What is categorized in clade Unikonta?
- Amoebozoans
- Opisthokonts
What is categorized in stramenopiles?
- diatoms*
- golden algae
- brown algae*
What is categorized in alveolates?
- dinoflagllates*
- apicomplexans
- ciliates*
What is categorized in rhizarians?
- forams
- cercozoans
- radiolarians
What is categorized in amoebozoans?
- slime moulds*
- tubulinids*
- entamoebas
What is categorized in opisthokonts?
- nucleariids
- fungi
- choanoflagellates
- animals
Define secondary endosymbiosis
occurs when the product of primary endosymbiosis is itself engulfed and retained by another free living eukaryote.
Define paramylon
a carbohydrate similar to starch
- Euglena store their energy as paramylon
Define longitudinal fission?
asexual reproduction where the organism divides down their length
Which phylum in supergroup excavata reproduces through longitudinal fission?
Euglenozoans
What is a pellicle?
a thin skin or film
-Euglena have a pellicle
What is a flagellum?
a slender threadlike structure
What is a specific species in the ciliates group?
Stentor
What are cilia?
hair-like structures
What does a macronucleus do?
metabolism
What do contractile vacuoles do?
collect and cycle to the outside of the stentor the water that flows in to balance the higher salt concentration inside the protozoan.
Name a type of dinoflagellate
Peridinium
What is silica?
an amorphous metal oxide formed by complex inorganic polymerization processes
Define centric
radially symmetric
Define pennate
bilaterally symmetrical
What is the scientific name for brown algae?
Laminaria
Define thallus
the body of algae, fungi, and other lower organisms
What is a blade?
the leaf of a plant
What is a stipe?
usually a short stalk of a plant or fungus
What is a holdfast?
the part of kelp most similar in appearance and location to the roots of a plant
What is a meristem?
a formative plant tissue usually made up of small cells capable of dividing indefinitely and giving rise to similar cells
What is a lamina?
plate or layer
What is the scientific name for red algae?
Polysiphonia
Define phycoerythrin
a photosynthetic pigment that is adapted to take advantage of a wide spectrum of light in various depths of water
What two categories does green algae fit into?
chlorophytes and charophytes
What is a specific example of a chlorophyte?
Volvox
What is a specific example of a charophyte?
Spirogyra
What is the scientific name for slime mould?
Physarum sp.
Define plasmodium
thin, streaming masses of multinucleated protoplasm
Define phagocytosis
a process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles
Define sporangium
a structure within which spores are produced
Define cytoplasmic streaming
the movement of the fluid substance (cytoplasm) within a plant or animal cell
What is a pseudopodium?
temporary or semi-permanent extension of cytoplasm, used in locomotion and feeding
What is cytoplasm?
a thick solution that fills each cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane
What is ectoplasm?
the non-granulated outer part of a cell’s cytoplasm
What is endoplasm?
the inner portion of the cytoplasm of a cell
