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BIO 206: PHYSIOLOGY > Lab Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two major branches of the efferent neural pathways?

A

Autonomic and somatic motor neurons

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2
Q

Positive or negative feedback loop?
Decrease in carbon dioxide below normal levels.

A

Negative

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3
Q

Positive or negative feedback loop?
Increase in blood pressure above normal levels?

A

Negative

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4
Q

Positive or negative feedback loop?
Uterine contractions during the birthing process.

A

Positive

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5
Q

Positive or negative feedback loop?
Accumulation of hydrogen ions in body fluids.

A

Negative

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6
Q

The structure that can act to adjust the system/ environment based on the specific stimulus

A

Effector

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7
Q

The outcome of the action taken by the effector.

A

Response

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8
Q

The structure that serves as a communication pathway between the structure that detects the stimulus and the structure that can process information about it

A

Afferent pathway

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9
Q

The change in a physiological variable/ measure in the body’s environment

A

Stimulus

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10
Q

What the effector does

A

Effector’s action

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11
Q

The structure that detects a change in the physiological variable.

A

Sensor

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12
Q

The structure that serves as a communication pathway between the structure that processes information about the stimulus and the structure that can act to adjust the system/ environment

A

Efferent pathway

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13
Q

The structure that can process information about the physiological change.

A

Integrating center

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14
Q

What type of sensor detects this stimulus?
Blood oxygen

A

Chemoreceptor

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15
Q

What type of sensor detects this stimulus?
Body fluid H+

A

Chemoreceptor

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16
Q

What type of sensor detects this stimulus?
Light

A

Photoreceptor

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17
Q

What type of sensor detects this stimulus?
Body temerature

A

Thermoreceptor

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18
Q

What type of sensor detects this stimulus?
Blood carbon dioxide

A

Chemoreceptor

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19
Q

What type of sensor detects this stimulus?
Pain

A

Nociceptor

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20
Q

What type of sensor detects this stimulus?
Osmolarity of body fluids

A

Osmoreceptor

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21
Q

What type of sensor detects this stimulus?
Blood pressure

A

Baroreceptor

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22
Q

Name the integrating center for this stimulus.
Blood pressure

A

Medulla oblongata and hypothalamus

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23
Q

Name the integrating center for this stimulus.
Appetite

A

Hypothalamus

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24
Q

Name the integrating center for this stimulus.
Blood CO2

A

Medulla oblongata and pons

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25
Q

Name the integrating center for this stimulus.
Osmolarity

A

Hypothalamus

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26
Q

Name the integrating center for this stimulus.
Blood pH

A

Medulla oblongata and pons

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27
Q

Name the integrating center for this stimulus.
Temperature

A

Hypothalamus

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28
Q

Name the integrating center for this stimulus.
Hearing

A

Primary auditory cortex

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29
Q

Name the integrating center for this stimulus.
Smell

A

Primary olfactory cortex

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30
Q

Name the integrating center for this stimulus.
Ventilation

A

Medulla oblongata and pons

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31
Q

Name the integrating center for this stimulus.
Thirst

A

Hypothalamus

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32
Q

The thermoregulatory center is located here:

A

Hypothalamus

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33
Q

Change in temperature is detected by this type of sensor:

A

Thermoreceptor

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34
Q

Body temperature below the normal range is called:

A

Hypothermia

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35
Q

Body temperature above the normal range is called:

A

Hyperthermia

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36
Q

The average body temperature in the human body is: (in degrees C)

A

37 degrees C

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37
Q

The generation of heat is called:

A

Thermogenesis

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38
Q

Heat transfer from direct contact with an object, such as gaining heat from the water in a hot tub, is this type.

A

Conductive

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39
Q

This type of heat loss is significantly reduced on a humid day.

A

Evaporative

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40
Q

Rapid muscle contraction-relaxation cycles are responsible for this type of heat production.

A

Shivering thermogenesis

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41
Q

The effectors for evaporative heat loss are:

A

Sweat glands

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42
Q

The most dangerous condition related to hyperthermia is ______, which has a 50% mortality rate.

A

Heat stroke

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43
Q

______ blood vessels/ arterioles that are located just below the skin surface are involved in maintaining body temperature in the cold and in the heat.

A

Cutaneous

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44
Q

The effector for generating heat in the body when temperature is well below normal is: ______.

A

Skeletal muscles

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45
Q

These signal molecules are cytokines that can increase the set point for temperature and cause fever during infection.

A

Pyrogens

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46
Q

Acceleration - general receptor type?

A

Mechanoreceptor

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47
Q

Acceleration - specific receptor cell(s)?

A

Hair cells

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48
Q

Acceleration - stimulus/stimuli detected?

A

Rotational and linear acceleration

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49
Q

Hearing - general receptor type

A

Mechanoreceptor

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50
Q

Hearing - specific receptor cell(s)?

A

Hair cells

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51
Q

Hearing - Stimulus/ stimuli detected?

A

Sound pressure waves

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52
Q

Taste - General receptor type?

A

chemoreceptor

53
Q

Taste - specific receptor cell(s)?

A

Taste cells in taste buds

54
Q

Taste - stimulus/ stimuli detected

A

Molecules in food

55
Q

Olfaction - general receptor type?

A

Chemoreceptor

56
Q

Olfaction - specific receptor cell(s)?

A

Primary olfactory neurons

57
Q

Olfaction - stimulus/ stimuli detected?

A

Odorant molecules

58
Q

The process of converting one type of signal into another (e.g., odorant molecules into a neural signal by the olfactory receptors) is called ______?

A

Sensory transduction

59
Q

Signals from this special sense do not pass through the thalamus.

A

Olfaction

60
Q

The stimuli for this special sense are molecules that bind to the receptive regions of neurons called ______ that are located in the nasal cavity.

A

Dendrites

61
Q

Reduced transmission of sound waves through the middle ear to the oval window is referred to as _______ deafness.

A

Conduction

62
Q

Which test is used to evaluate for conduction deafness?

A

Rinne’s

63
Q

Another type of deafness is due to auditory nerve damage. This is called ______ deafness.

A

Sensory

64
Q

This test is used to evaluate for sensory deafness.

A

Weber’s

65
Q

If light with a wavelength of 450 nm were to enter your eye, you would see the color ______.

A

blue

66
Q

Which cone type(s) will activate for blue?

A

Blue cones only

67
Q

Immediately following the chair spinning exercise, the eyes moved rapidly from side to side. This eye movement is called ______.

A

Nystagmus

68
Q

The receptor cells that detect the rotational acceleration are called ______ cells.

A

Hair

69
Q

(In the chair spin lab) The coordination of hair cells and the eyes is due to the activation of the ______ reflex.

A

Vestibulo-ocular

70
Q

Exposure to a specific color for a few minutes or an extremely bright light can cause someone to see an image even after the image has been removed. What is “seen” is called an ______ and is due to the slow return of the photoreceptor’s pigment to its resting shape.

A

Afterimage

71
Q

The temporarily altered state of the pigment, after exposure to a specific color for a few minutes or an extremely bright light, is called _______.

A

Bleaching

72
Q

The ability to see only parts of the color scale by the activation of only two different cone types is called _____ vision.

A

Dichromatic

73
Q

Someone with all 3 functional cone types would have ______ vision.

A

Trichromatic

74
Q

The test used to assess color vision in class is called the _______ test.

A

Ishihara

75
Q

Skeletal muscles cells are innervated by these neurons.

A

Somatic motor neurons

76
Q

Extensions of the sarcolemma that run deep into the muscle cell are called:

A

Transverse tubules

77
Q

The technical term for a resting cell’s membrane potential becoming more positive is:

A

Depolarization

78
Q

The electrical activity in cells is caused by the movement of ______ into or out of the cell.

A

Ions

79
Q

The data collection system used in this class to measure physiological activity in some organ systems is named:

A

Biopac Student Lab

80
Q

At what length is the muscle able to produce the greatest amount of force (tension)?

A

Mid-length

81
Q

At what length is there the least alignment between the myosin and actin?

A

Longest

82
Q

What is this test called? And what does it test? What kind of results would you expect for a person that has “enhanced” or better-than-normal vision?

A

The Snellen Eye Chart. It is a test of visual acuity. 20/15 would be better-than-normal vision.

83
Q

At what length Is the thin filament crossing in the middle, preventing the binding of some of the myosin heads? (Choose from shortest, mid-length, longest)

A

Shortest

84
Q

At what length is the overlap between the thick and thin filaments and the alignment of actin and myosin optimum for force development? (Choose between shortest, mid-length, and longest)

A

Mid-length

85
Q

At the fastest velocity, how much can the muscle lift (i.e., load)?

A

Light loads

86
Q

Name all of the structures in this figure.

A
  1. Whole muscle
  2. Fasicle
  3. Muscle cell/fiber
  4. Tendon
87
Q

Name all of the structures in this figure.

A
  1. Muscle cell/fiber
  2. Transverse Tubules
  3. Nucelus
  4. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
  5. Sarcolemma
  6. Mitochondrion
  7. Myofibril
  8. Myofillaments
  9. Terminal Cisternae for Ca2+ Ions
88
Q

The relationship between force and the rate of the muscle shortening can best be described as:

A

Indirect/ inverse

89
Q

Reflexes that involve two or more synapses in the spinal cord are called:

A

Polysynaptic reflexes

90
Q

Reflexes that require input from the brain are called:

A

Cranial reflexes

91
Q

These reflexes typically involve sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons.

A

Autonomic reflexes

92
Q

The efferent pathway for reflexes involving skeletal muscle is always (major branch of the efferent division):

A

Somatic motor neurons

93
Q

Neurons that are completely contained within the central nervous system are called:

A

Interneurons

94
Q

Skeletal muscles reflexes use sensory receptors located in the muscles, joint capsules, and ligaments. They are called:

A

Proprioceptors

95
Q

Visceral reflexes use these efferent neurons (major branch of the efferent division):

A

Autonomic neurons

96
Q

When the Golgi tendon organ is activated, what neurotransmitter is released by the interneuron to the somatic motor neuron?

A

Glycine

97
Q

For the muscle spindle reflex, what is the stimulus?

A

Increased muscle stretch

98
Q

For the muscle spindle reflex, what is the sensor?

A

Muscle spindle in the belly of the agonist muscle

99
Q

For the muscle spindle reflex, what is the afferent pathway?

A

Sensory neurons

100
Q

For the muscle spindle reflex, what is the integrating center?

A

Spinal cord

101
Q

For the muscle spindle reflex, what is the efferent pathway?

A

Increased alpha motor neuron release of acetylcholine

102
Q

For the muscle spindle reflex, what is the effector?

A

Extrafusal fibers of agonist muscle with nicotinic receptors

103
Q

For the muscle spindle reflex, what is the effector’s action?

A

Agonist muscle contracts to support additional weight

104
Q

For the muscle spindle reflex, what is the response?

A

Decreased muscle stretch

105
Q

For the Golgi tendon organ reflex, what is the stimulus?

A

Excessive force on muscle

106
Q

For the Golgi tendon organ reflex, what is the sensor?

A

Golgi tendon organ in the musculotendonous junction

107
Q

For the Golgi tendon organ reflex, what is the afferent pathway?

A

Sensory neurons

108
Q

For the Golgi tendon organ reflex, what is the integrating center?

A

Spinal cord

109
Q

For the Golgi tendon organ reflex, what is the efferent pathway?

A

Decreased alpha motor neuron release of acetylcholine

110
Q

For the Golgi tendon organ reflex, what is the effector?

A

Extrafusal fibers of agonist muscle with nicotinic receptors

111
Q

For the Golgi tendon organ reflex, what is the effector’s action?

A

Agonist muscle relaxes and limb releases load

112
Q

For the Golgi tendon organ reflex, what is the response?

A

Decreased load on muscle

113
Q

For the muscle spindle reflex, was the agonist muscle excited or inhibited?

A

Excited

114
Q

For the Golgi tendon organ reflex, was the agonist muscle excited or inhibited?

A

Inhibited

115
Q

Which of Lab 7’s reflex tests were examples of stretch reflexes?

A

Patellar, Achilles, and Biceps

116
Q

What is the sensor for the stretch reflex?

A

Muscle spindle

117
Q

If a patient had an abnormal response to the patella reflex, it might indicate that there are neural problems originating where in the spinal cord?

A

(Lumbar region (L2-L4)

118
Q

During a normal response to the patellar tendon reflex, what type of signal (excitatroy or inhibitory) is being sent to the somatic motor neurons of the hamstring muscles?

A

Inhibitory

119
Q

The measurement of the number of cardiac cycles per minute is the definition of:

A

Heart rate

120
Q

The measurement of electrical activity in the heart is called:

A

Electrocardiography

121
Q

The pacemaker of the heart is the:

A

Sinoatrial node

122
Q

When this neurotransmitter binds to its receptors at the cells of the heart’s pacemaker, heart rate decreases.

A

Acetylcholine

123
Q

When this neurotransmitter binds to its receptors at the cells of the heart’s pacemaker, heart rate increases.

A

Norepinephrine

124
Q

The special 1% of myocardial cells that spread an impulse very rapidly through the heart are called ______ cells.

A

Conducting myocardial cells

125
Q

The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with every contraction is called:

A

Stroke volume

126
Q

The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle every minute is called:

A

Cardiac output

127
Q

Starting with the heart’s pacemaker, put these steps of the Electrical Conduction Pathway in order from first to last.
- Atrioventricular node
- Bundle of His
- Internodal pathway
- Purkinje fibers
- Right and left bundle branches
- Sinoatrial node

A
  1. Sinoatrial node
  2. Internodal pathway
  3. Atrioventricular node
  4. Bundle of His
  5. Right and left bundle branches
  6. Purkinje fibers
128
Q

Action potentials can spread from one cell to the next because myocardial cells have these cell-to-cell connections.

A

Gap junctions

BIO 206: PHYSIOLOGY (9 decks)

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