Lab Exam 1 study cards Flashcards
Red blood cells
-Biconcave disc
-no nucleus
-no organelles aside from cytoskeleton
Sperm cells
-Nucleus, mitochondria, centrioles remain
-flagella
Skeletal muscle cells
-Striated
-Multinucleated
What is the driving force for diffusion?
The kinetic energy of the molecules in motion
Where is simple squamous epithelia found and what is its function?
-Found in lungs and inner layer of blood vessels in heart
-Function is diffusion
Where is stratified simple squamous epithelia found and what is its function?
-Found in thick and thin skin
-Function is protection
Where is simple cuboidal epithelia found and what is its function?
-Found in kidneys
-Functions are secretion and absorption
Where is transitional epithelia found and what is its function?
-Found in urinary bladder
-Functions are expansion and recoil after stretching
Where is columnar epithelia found and what is its function?
-Found in digestive system; large and small intestines and stomach
-Function is absorption
Where is ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia found and what is its function?
-Found in trachea and small and large intestines
-Function is protection
Where do endocrine gland secretions go?
-Enters interstitial fluid and moves to bloodstream
Where do exocrine gland secretions go?
-onto surface of some epithelial tissue; sweat and sebaceous glands
How do merocrine glands secrete?
-released via exocytosis
-released via secretory vesicles at apical surface
How do apocrine glands secrete?
-Breaking off part of cell (apical layer) and then it breaks down and releases substances
-mammary glands and production of milk
How do holocrine glands secrete?
Cells burst and secretion is released
sebaceous glands
Where are mucous membranes found?
-Found in any hole in body
-In digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts
Where are the functions of serous membranes and where are they found?
-Line cavities and cover organs
-Peritoneal, pericardial, and pleural cavities
Where are cutaneous membranes found?
-Cover the entire surface of body
What are the functions of synovial membranes and where are they found?
-Line joint cavities and produce the fluid within joint
-Secrete synovial fluid
What are fibroblasts?
-Most abundant cell type found in connective tissue
-Help to secrete extracellular matrix
What is in the extracellular matrix?
-Ground substance (filler)
-cell types
-fiber types
What are adipocytes?
-Fat cells
-Fat is pushing everything to one side
-Look hollow but they are not
What are mesenchymal cells?
-stem cells
-can make daughter cell to make specialized cell (differentiate)
What are macrophages and microphages?
-Eat pathogens and engulf damaged tissue cells
What are mast cells?
-Histamine in polka dots
-Involved in inflammation
-When activated it releases histamines and everything swells
What are lymphocytes?
-Involved in immune response
-grow in number to protect against pathogens
What are the characteristics of collagen fibers?
wound like rope
extremely strong and flexible
stronger than steel
Found in tendons and ligaments
What are the characteristics of elastic fibers?
stretches and recoils
stain a very dark purple
What is areolar tissue and where is it found?
-In dermal papillae; loose connective tissue
-fibroblasts present and vascularized
What is adipose tissue and where is it found?
-loose connective tissue
-adipocytes
-In hypodermis
-Padding, insulator, and absorbs shock
What is reticular tissue and where is it found?
-loose connective tissue
-fibroblasts and reticular fibers; vascularized
-secretes extracellular matrix
-in spleen, liver, and lymph nodes
-organ framework and net
What is dense regular connective tissue and where is it found?
fibroblasts; limited vascularization
in ligaments, tendons, and aponeuroses (connective tissue that connects muscle to muscle)
What is dense irregular connective tissue and where is it found?
-fibroblasts and vascularized
in dermis
What is fluid connective tissue and where is it found?
-has erythrocytes and leukocytes
-in blood vessels
What is hyaline cartilage and where is it found?
-tough, flexible, resistant to tension
has chondrocytes in lacunae
Avascular
found in synovial joints, between ribs, sternum, nose, trachea rings, ends of long bones
What is elastic cartilage and where is it found?
-Chondrocytes in lacunae, avascular
-Found in epiglottis and ears
What is fibrocartilage and where is it found?
-very durable
-Chondrocytes in lacunae; avascular
-located between pelvic bone, meniscus, and intervertebral discs
What is bone and where is it found?
-collagen fibers, calcium salts (ground substance), osteocytes (specialized cell)
-Located in skeletal system
-Function is structural support and protection
What is skeletal muscle tissue and where is it found?
-Multinucleated, striations, long, attached to bone
-associated with skeletal system
-cells are called myocytes
-myofilaments contract to pull bone
What is cardiac muscle tissue and where is it found?
-held together by intercalated discs
-cells are short and stumpy
-striated and have nuclei
-gap junction between intercalated discs
-autorhythmic
What is smooth muscle tissue and where is it found?
found in blood vessels, digestive tract, stomach and intestines
-involuntary
What is nervous tissue and where is it found?
-contains neurons and support cells called neuroglia
-Dendrites receive signal, axons send signal
-found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves
What are signs of inflammation?
swelling
redness
heat
pain
What causes inflammation symptoms?
blood cells getting large and leaky, increasing blood flow
white blood cells engulf junk and pathogens
What is regeneration?
fibroblasts lay down network of collagen fibers to help repair tissue
What is a tight junction?
-like they are glued together; nothing can get between them
-found in bladder
What are gap junctions?
-attachments with pores between cells (holes)
-ions can get through and contract at same time
-exist in heart
What are desmosomes?
-held together with bands
-movement and resists stretching and pulling
-like skin with sunburn
-found between cells
What are hemidesmosomes?
-between cells and basement tissue
-same idea as desmosomes but attached to basal layer
-held together with bands
-movement and resists pulling and stretching
What is the basement membrane?
-double sided tape
-often connects connective and epithelial tissue
What happens during interphase?
-state of normal cell functioning
-cell copies DNA in prep for cell division
What happens during prophase?
-chromosomes condense and become visible
-spindle fibers form
-centrioles migrate toward poles
-nuclear envelope breaks down
-nucleolus disappears
What happens during metaphase?
-centrioles are at opposite poles
-sister chromatid are lined up in the center of the cell
What happens during anaphase?
Sister chromatid (now called chromosomes) separate and migrate to opposite ends of the cell
What happens during telophase?
-chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense
-spindle fibers break down
-nuclear envelopes reform around each set of chromosomes
-cleavage furrow develops
Cytokinesis
Cell separates into two identical daughter cells
What are reticular fibers?
-strong but flexible
-make up framework of lots of organs
-hold organs in place
