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A&P Lab > Lab Exam 1 study cards > Flashcards

Lab Exam 1 study cards Flashcards

1
Q

Red blood cells

A

-Biconcave disc
-no nucleus
-no organelles aside from cytoskeleton

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2
Q

Sperm cells

A

-Nucleus, mitochondria, centrioles remain
-flagella

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3
Q

Skeletal muscle cells

A

-Striated
-Multinucleated

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4
Q

What is the driving force for diffusion?

A

The kinetic energy of the molecules in motion

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5
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelia found and what is its function?

A

-Found in lungs and inner layer of blood vessels in heart
-Function is diffusion

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6
Q

Where is stratified simple squamous epithelia found and what is its function?

A

-Found in thick and thin skin
-Function is protection

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7
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelia found and what is its function?

A

-Found in kidneys
-Functions are secretion and absorption

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8
Q

Where is transitional epithelia found and what is its function?

A

-Found in urinary bladder
-Functions are expansion and recoil after stretching

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9
Q

Where is columnar epithelia found and what is its function?

A

-Found in digestive system; large and small intestines and stomach
-Function is absorption

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10
Q

Where is ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia found and what is its function?

A

-Found in trachea and small and large intestines
-Function is protection

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11
Q

Where do endocrine gland secretions go?

A

-Enters interstitial fluid and moves to bloodstream

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12
Q

Where do exocrine gland secretions go?

A

-onto surface of some epithelial tissue; sweat and sebaceous glands

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13
Q

How do merocrine glands secrete?

A

-released via exocytosis
-released via secretory vesicles at apical surface

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14
Q

How do apocrine glands secrete?

A

-Breaking off part of cell (apical layer) and then it breaks down and releases substances
-mammary glands and production of milk

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15
Q

How do holocrine glands secrete?

A

Cells burst and secretion is released
sebaceous glands

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16
Q

Where are mucous membranes found?

A

-Found in any hole in body
-In digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts

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17
Q

Where are the functions of serous membranes and where are they found?

A

-Line cavities and cover organs
-Peritoneal, pericardial, and pleural cavities

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18
Q

Where are cutaneous membranes found?

A

-Cover the entire surface of body

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19
Q

What are the functions of synovial membranes and where are they found?

A

-Line joint cavities and produce the fluid within joint
-Secrete synovial fluid

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20
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

-Most abundant cell type found in connective tissue
-Help to secrete extracellular matrix

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21
Q

What is in the extracellular matrix?

A

-Ground substance (filler)
-cell types
-fiber types

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22
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

-Fat cells
-Fat is pushing everything to one side
-Look hollow but they are not

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23
Q

What are mesenchymal cells?

A

-stem cells
-can make daughter cell to make specialized cell (differentiate)

24
Q

What are macrophages and microphages?

A

-Eat pathogens and engulf damaged tissue cells

25
Q

What are mast cells?

A

-Histamine in polka dots
-Involved in inflammation
-When activated it releases histamines and everything swells

26
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

-Involved in immune response
-grow in number to protect against pathogens

27
Q

What are the characteristics of collagen fibers?

A

wound like rope
extremely strong and flexible
stronger than steel
Found in tendons and ligaments

28
Q

What are the characteristics of elastic fibers?

A

stretches and recoils
stain a very dark purple

29
Q

What is areolar tissue and where is it found?

A

-In dermal papillae; loose connective tissue
-fibroblasts present and vascularized

30
Q

What is adipose tissue and where is it found?

A

-loose connective tissue
-adipocytes
-In hypodermis
-Padding, insulator, and absorbs shock

31
Q

What is reticular tissue and where is it found?

A

-loose connective tissue
-fibroblasts and reticular fibers; vascularized
-secretes extracellular matrix
-in spleen, liver, and lymph nodes
-organ framework and net

32
Q

What is dense regular connective tissue and where is it found?

A

fibroblasts; limited vascularization
in ligaments, tendons, and aponeuroses (connective tissue that connects muscle to muscle)

33
Q

What is dense irregular connective tissue and where is it found?

A

-fibroblasts and vascularized
in dermis

34
Q

What is fluid connective tissue and where is it found?

A

-has erythrocytes and leukocytes
-in blood vessels

35
Q

What is hyaline cartilage and where is it found?

A

-tough, flexible, resistant to tension
has chondrocytes in lacunae

Avascular

found in synovial joints, between ribs, sternum, nose, trachea rings, ends of long bones

36
Q

What is elastic cartilage and where is it found?

A

-Chondrocytes in lacunae, avascular
-Found in epiglottis and ears

37
Q

What is fibrocartilage and where is it found?

A

-very durable
-Chondrocytes in lacunae; avascular
-located between pelvic bone, meniscus, and intervertebral discs

38
Q

What is bone and where is it found?

A

-collagen fibers, calcium salts (ground substance), osteocytes (specialized cell)
-Located in skeletal system
-Function is structural support and protection

39
Q

What is skeletal muscle tissue and where is it found?

A

-Multinucleated, striations, long, attached to bone
-associated with skeletal system
-cells are called myocytes
-myofilaments contract to pull bone

40
Q

What is cardiac muscle tissue and where is it found?

A

-held together by intercalated discs
-cells are short and stumpy
-striated and have nuclei
-gap junction between intercalated discs
-autorhythmic

41
Q

What is smooth muscle tissue and where is it found?

A

found in blood vessels, digestive tract, stomach and intestines
-involuntary

42
Q

What is nervous tissue and where is it found?

A

-contains neurons and support cells called neuroglia
-Dendrites receive signal, axons send signal
-found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves

43
Q

What are signs of inflammation?

A

swelling
redness
heat
pain

44
Q

What causes inflammation symptoms?

A

blood cells getting large and leaky, increasing blood flow
white blood cells engulf junk and pathogens

45
Q

What is regeneration?

A

fibroblasts lay down network of collagen fibers to help repair tissue

46
Q

What is a tight junction?

A

-like they are glued together; nothing can get between them
-found in bladder

47
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

-attachments with pores between cells (holes)
-ions can get through and contract at same time
-exist in heart

48
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

-held together with bands
-movement and resists stretching and pulling
-like skin with sunburn
-found between cells

49
Q

What are hemidesmosomes?

A

-between cells and basement tissue
-same idea as desmosomes but attached to basal layer
-held together with bands
-movement and resists pulling and stretching

50
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

-double sided tape
-often connects connective and epithelial tissue

51
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

-state of normal cell functioning
-cell copies DNA in prep for cell division

52
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

-chromosomes condense and become visible
-spindle fibers form
-centrioles migrate toward poles
-nuclear envelope breaks down
-nucleolus disappears

53
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

-centrioles are at opposite poles
-sister chromatid are lined up in the center of the cell

54
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Sister chromatid (now called chromosomes) separate and migrate to opposite ends of the cell

55
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

-chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense
-spindle fibers break down
-nuclear envelopes reform around each set of chromosomes
-cleavage furrow develops

56
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cell separates into two identical daughter cells

57
Q

What are reticular fibers?

A

-strong but flexible
-make up framework of lots of organs
-hold organs in place

A&P Lab (7 decks)

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