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A&P Lab 302 > Lab E: Hematology > Flashcards

Lab E: Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

What elements constitute whole blood, and what are their typical proportions?

A

Whole blood =
Plasma (55%)
Formed elements (45%)

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2
Q

What is the the composition of plasma?

A
  1. ) 92% water
  2. ) Nutrients, gases, electrolytes: Na+, Ca++, Mg++, Cl-, HCO3-
  3. ) Proteins: Albumin, fibrinogen, globulins (antibodies)
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3
Q

What is the four functions of plasma?

A
  1. ) Transports nutrients, hormones to tissues
  2. ) Transport wastes away from tissues
  3. ) Clotting, immune defense, gas transport
  4. ) pH buffering, osmotic balance

Broader categories vs. means?

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4
Q

What is the formal name, life span, and typical count of RBCs, and what are its basic functions?

A

Erythrocytes

180 days

4.3 - 5.2 million / microL (higher in males)

Contains hemoglobin, which binds and transports oxygen.

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5
Q

What is the formal name, life span, and typical count of WBCs, and what are its basic functions?

A

Leukocytes

Can be over 20 years

4,800 - 10,800 / microL

Immune function

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6
Q

What is the formal name, life span, and typical count of platelets, and what are its basic functions?

A

Thrombocytes

9-12 days

130,000 - 330,000/microL

Not whole cells, but packets of cytoplasm that combine with fibrinogen during hemostasis.

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7
Q

List the 5 different types of leukocytes and their normal ranges, in order of their prevalence.

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

Neutrophils (60-70%)
Lymphocytes (25-33%)
Monocytes (3-8%)
Eosinophils (2-4%)
Basophils (<1%)
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8
Q

Whole blood

A

55% plasma + 45% formed elements

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9
Q

What does hematocrit measure?

A

Hct measures the % of whole blood occupied by formed elements, which are 99.9% erythrocytes, so aka vol of packed red cells.

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10
Q

What % of whole blood are formed elements, and what are they comprised of?

A

45% of whole blood.

Erythrocytes (RBCs), thrombocytes (platelets), and leukocytes (WBCs).

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11
Q

Agglutination

A

When each antibody binds to two or more antigen molecules and RBCs clump together. This prompts the immune system to destroy the cells (white blood cells and complement) and remove them from the system (liver and spleen).

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12
Q

What is the equation for hematocrit?

A

Hct = [formed element volume] / [total volume] x 100

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13
Q

What is the average hematocrit, in general?

For males and females?

A

Average Hct = 45

Females: 37-48
Males: 45-52

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14
Q

What is the sciencey name for “clotting?”

What components does it involve, and which is responsible for coagulation?

A

Hemostasis

Platelets & fibrinogen (plasma protein, coagulate)

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15
Q

What are the two classes of WBCs? List the types under each.

A

Granulocytes:

  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils

Agranulocytes:

  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
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16
Q

How do leukocytes get out of the bloodstream?

A

Via margination, diapedesis, and chemotaxis.

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17
Q

Describe a neutrophil:

A

Multilobed nucleus: 3-5 lobes

Granulocyte: fine reddish to violet granules

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18
Q

How large is a neutrophil, in diameter? Relative to an RBC?

A

9-12 micrometers, about twice as large as an RBC

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19
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Phagocytize bacteria and release antimicrobial chemicals

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20
Q

What does an elevated neutrophil count indicate?

A

Bacterial infection

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21
Q

Describe a eosinophil:

A

Bilobed nucleus

Granulocyte: large, coarse, orange-pink granules

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22
Q

How large is a eosinophil, in diameter? Relative to an RBC?

A

10-14 micrometers, about 2-3x an RBC

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23
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, allergens, inflammatory chemicals, and release enzymes that weaken or destroy parasites.

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24
Q

What does an elevated eosinophil count indicate?

A

Increase indicates parasitic infections, allergens, and diseases of spleen and CNS.

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25
Q

Describe a basophil:

A

Granulocyte: Large coarse dark violet granules often obscure the large nucleus, blueish

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26
Q

How large is a basophil, in diameter? Relative to an RBC?

A

8-10 micrometers (about twice as large as an RBC)

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27
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Secretes histamine & heparin involved in inflammatory reaction

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28
Q

What does an elevated basophil count indicate?

A

Increases indicate chickenpox, sinusitis, diabetes mellitus, myxedema and polycythemia

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29
Q

Describe a lymphocyte:

A

Large round/ovoid nucleus nearly as large as cell

Agranulocyte: slender crescent of clear cytoplasm is diagnostic

30
Q

How large is a lymphocyte, in diameter? Relative to an RBC?

A

Typically 6-9 micrometers, usually RBC sized.

Activated lymphocytes may be larger (10-14 micrometers).

31
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Two classes, B- and T-Lymphocytes, are central to the cell and
humoral immune response.

32
Q

What does an elevated lymphocyte count indicate?

A

Increases indicate general immune response to variety of infections.

33
Q

Describe a monocyte:

A

Kidney or horseshoe shaped large nucleus

Agranulocyte: Clear cytoplasm

34
Q

How large is a monocyte, in diameter? Relative to an RBC?

A

12-15 micrometers, 3-4 times the size of RBCs or larger

35
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

Precursor to larger macrophages which phagocytize larger debris
such as pathogens and dead cells.

36
Q

What does an elevated monocyte count indicate?

A

Increases indicate viral infections and inflammation

37
Q

What are antigens?

A

Molecules that trigger an immune response. Complex molecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. Antigens are not tolerated by the body’s immune system.

38
Q

Are “self” markers on the cell membrane antigenic?

A

Normal “Self” markers on the cell membrane are not antigenic and are tolerated by the body’s immune system (Ex. RBCs). These markers help the body recognize the cells as their own.

These “Self” markers are not
antigenic but we sometimes refer to them as “antigens” as they are potentially antigenic when transplanted.

39
Q

What is another term for antibody?

A

Also known as immunoglobulins, a type of globulin.

40
Q

What do antibodies do, and how do they do it?

A

Antibodies bind, neutralize and
cause destruction and removal of foreign bodies.

Antibodies match specific
antigens with “lock and key”
specificity.

41
Q

How are antibodies produced?

A

Antibodies are produced by

lymphocytes.

42
Q

What Antigens are present in:

  1. AB- Person
  2. O+ Person
  3. A- Person
  4. O- Person
  5. B+ Person
A
  1. A and B antigens
  2. Rh antigen
  3. A antigen
  4. None Present
  5. B and Rh antigens
43
Q

What Antibodies are potentially present in:

  1. AB- Person
  2. O+ Person
  3. A- Person
  4. O- Person
  5. B+ Person
A
  1. Rh Antibodies
  2. A , B Antibodies
  3. B, Rh Antibodies
  4. A,B, Rh Antibodies
  5. A Antibodies
44
Q

What if I put Type B- RBCs into an AB+ person?

A

No Reaction: No B antibodies in receiver to agglutinate (AB+ is the universal acceptor, no antibodies whatsoever).

45
Q

What if I put Type O- RBCs into an AB+ person?

A

No Reaction: No antigens for any antibodies to cause agglutination (O- is the universal donor, no antigens to attach).

46
Q

What if I put Type A+ RBCs into an A- person?

A

BAD: Rh antibodies in receiver agglutinate with Rh antigens on
donated RBCs.

47
Q

What if I put Type B- RBCs into an A+ person?

A

BAD: B antibodies in receiver agglutinate with B antigens on donated RBCs.

48
Q

What if I put Type AB+ RBCs into an O- person?

A

BAD: All antibodies present in receiver stick to all antigens on
donated RBCs. O- persons can only accept O- red blood cells.

49
Q

Does blood type specify which antigens are present, or antibodies?

A

Antigens

50
Q

How do transfusion reactions occur?

A 
Transfusion reactions occur
when mismatched RBCs are
infused. Donor’s RBCs are attacked by the recipient’s plasma antibodies causing:
• Diminished oxygencarrying
capacity.
• Clumped (agglutinated)
cells that impede blood
flow.
• Ruptured RBCs that
release free hemoglobin
into the bloodstream.
51
Q

How does blood typing work?

A

When anti-A or anti-B antibodies are added to blood, agglutination will occur between the antibodies and the
corresponding antigens if they are present. Observed agglutination is a positive test for the antigen in question.

52
Q

What is the most common molecule found within a red blood cell?

A

Hemoglobin

53
Q

What is the primary way that a low hematocrit would compromise the body?

A

Less ability to carry oxygen

54
Q

Which type of “Cyte” is a red blood cell?

A

Erythrocyte

55
Q

What proportion of the formed elements are red blood cells?

A

99.9%

56
Q

Which type of “Cyte” is a platelet?

A

Thrombocyte

57
Q

What is the general one-word function of platelets?

A

Clotting (coagulation refers to fibrinogen)

58
Q

Is a platelet a cell? Why or why not?

A

No, because they are a simple envelope of cytoplasm lacking a nucleus? NOTE: thrombo”cyte” is thus a poor descriptor

59
Q

When is it OK to handle the blood of another student?

A

Never

60
Q

When is it OK to clean up the bandage wrappers, alcohol swabs of another student?

A

Never

61
Q

Define “Universal Precautions”:

A

Treat blood and other bodily fluids as if they contain blood borne pathogens.

62
Q

A couple is having a second child. Under what circumstance (mother’s blood type and father’s blood type) might a doctor be concerned about Rh antibodies? Who would be affected: mother, father or child? Why?

A

If the mother is Rh- and the father is Rh+, the child will be Rh+. When the first child is being born, the mother will be exposed to the first child’s Rh+ blood, thus developing antibodies to Rh. The mother’s Rh antibodies will attack the second child’s RBCs, harming the second child.

63
Q

Is It OK to donate RBCs of Type A- to a person with B+ blood? Why or why not?

A

NO. B+ blood contains A antibodies. A- RBCs have A antigens. Agglutination will occur.

64
Q

Is it OK to donate RBCs of Type O+ to a person with AB+ blood? Why or why not?

A

YES. AB+ blood contains no relevant antibodies. Agglutination will not occur.

65
Q

O- red blood cells are considered the “universal donor” for donating red blood cells. What is a potential problem with infusing whole blood from a person with O- blood into a person with AB+ blood?

A

O- whole blood contains A, B and Rh antibodies. AB+ RBCs have A, B and Rh antigens. Some agglutination will occur (though you would do it in an emergency).

66
Q

An elevation of which WBC is most indicative of parasitic infection?

A

Eosinophils

67
Q

What would an elevation of basophils generally indicate?

A

Inflammatory reaction, various diseases that cause inflammation

68
Q

What is the standard range of a cell count (cells/microliter) for neutrophils?

A

50 – 70% of WBCs are neutrophils, total WBCs are 4,800 – 10,800 cells/µL.
50% of 4,800 = 2,400
70% of 10,800 = 7,560
2,400 – 7,560 cells/ µL

69
Q

When a white blood cell moves towards a tissue with inflammation
due to an attraction towards the cytokines being secreted, this is an example of

A

Chemotaxis

70
Q

Typically, which is the largest of the white blood cells?

A

Monocyte

A&P Lab 302 (3 decks)

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