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Pathology Block 9 > Lab Diagnositcs > Flashcards

Lab Diagnositcs Flashcards

1
Q

1 standard deviation

A

Covers 68% of population

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2
Q

2 standard deviation

A

95% of healthy populations

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3
Q

Reference range determinants

A

Age
Gender
Geographical location

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4
Q

RBC counts and Hg/Hct levels in people living in the Himalayan mountains are expected to be ____ than people living at sea level due to ____ oxygen levels

A

Higher

Decreased

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5
Q

Anemic

A

Hemoglobin and hematocrit have to be low to be classified as anemic

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6
Q

Unexplained high ionized calcium

A

Cancer (usually lung)

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7
Q

What is involved with blood pressure

A

Electrolytes

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8
Q

BUN/.creatinine

A

Kidney tests

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9
Q

ALT

A

Liver test

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10
Q

What tests are associated with diabetes

A

Glucose and HgA1C

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11
Q

What is the most specific test out there for heart injury

A

Troponin

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12
Q

What is the threshold for diagnosing diabetes

A

FBSL of 126 (must be fasting)

Random blood sugar reading of 200 is also indicative of diabetes

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13
Q

Blood sugar below _____ the brain will not function

A

40

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14
Q

HbA1C

A

The percentage of hemoglobin covered in sugar is proportion to the amount of sugar present

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15
Q

Reflects 2-3 month glucose average

A

HbA1c

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16
Q

Normal HbA1c

A

<5.7%

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17
Q

HbA1c reading of _________ is the gold standard for diagnosing diabetes

A

6.5 or higher

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18
Q

___ hours after a meal, you are back to your fasting state normally

A

2

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19
Q

Elevated enzymes

A

Damaged cells

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20
Q

Best liver test

A

ALT

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21
Q

ALT elevation

A

Could be heart, liver, skeletal, or muscle. Based on physical exam and symptoms/signs of patient.

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22
Q

Where is ALP found in liver

A

Ducts

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23
Q

Where is AST and ALT found in liver

A

Hepatocytes

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24
Q

When looking at elevated enzymes what should you do

A

Not assume and jump to conclusions since many tissues can be the cause for the elevated enzyme

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25
Q

Early warning of liver damage

A

ALT and AST

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26
Q

What are the biggest players of blood pressure

A

Na and Albumin

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27
Q

Identify the blood test that best supports liver failure

A

Rising bilirubin levels

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28
Q

Best test for kidney function (GFR)

A

Creatinine clearance

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29
Q

Serum creatinine rule of thumb

A

Healthy= 1
For every doubling of serum creatinine, it halves

2=means you have 50% GFR
4=25% kidney function

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30
Q

<30ml/min(%) GFR or creatinine

A

See nephrologist

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31
Q

GFR< 15ml/min (%)

A

Dialysis or transplant

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32
Q

A protein metabolism waste product

A

BUN, kidney function test

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33
Q

What is BUN effected by

A

BUN, less realiable than creatinine for liver function test

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34
Q

Another term for troponin

A

I/T or INT

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35
Q

What is troponin specific for

A

Heart

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36
Q

What is the goal of fasting cholesterol

A

<200mg/dL

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37
Q

What is considered borderline for fasting cholesterol

A

201-240 mg/dL

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38
Q

Transports cholesterol to liver, good cholesterol

A

HDL cholesterol

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39
Q

Goal for HDL cholesterol

A

> 40mg/dl

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40
Q

Depositis cholesterol into vascular walls, bad cholesterol. Promotes atherosclerosis

A

LDL cholesterol

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41
Q

Goal for LDL cholesterol

A

<100mg/dL

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42
Q

High triglycerides associated with what

A

> 500=pancreatitis

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43
Q

Goal for triglycerides

A

<150mg/dL

44
Q

How must you measure cholesterol and triglycerides

A

FASTING. Especially triglycerides

45
Q

When do we get concerned with diabetes with fasting glucose levels

A

100-125

46
Q

Difference between CMP and BMP

A

CMP also looks at liver function

47
Q

Gallstones

A

Elevated ALP

48
Q

What are the damage markers of liver

A

ALT and AST-hepatocytes

49
Q

What is the function test of liver

A

Bilirubin

50
Q

What do we look at to determine the type of anemia someone has

A

MCV. Cell volume

51
Q

CBC with differential

A

All of the regular CBC + white blood cell types

52
Q

Primary indicators of inflammation

A

CRP and ESR

53
Q

Normal plasma in ESR

A

20mm or less for ESR

54
Q

Rate that red blood cells settle to the bottom of a slender tube in one hour

A

ESR

55
Q

Normal ESR

A

0-20mm/Hr

56
Q

High ESR indicates

A

Inflammation

57
Q

Is ESR specific to a disease

A

No. Anything that causes inflammation will increase the sed rate

58
Q

Anemia and sed rate

A

Inaccurate readings

59
Q

Vitamin K dependent factors in coagulation cascade

A

II, VII, IX, X

60
Q

What does the coagulation cascade do

A

Turn fibrinogen to fibrin

61
Q

Two factors that affect the coagulation cascade

A

Contact factor pathway and tissue factor pathway

62
Q

Tissue factor pathway in coag cascade

A

Tissues explode and activate it

63
Q

Contact factor pathway in coag cascade

A

Collagen exposed causes it

64
Q

Factors in the common pathway in coag cascade

A

10,5 2

65
Q

Which factor is the MOST dependent on vitamin K

A

7

66
Q

Warfarin affects which factor the most

A

7

67
Q

Heparin will target which factor

A

10 and 2

68
Q

Prothrombin time

A

Measures the extrinsic factors pathway (tissue factor pathway), especially factor 7

69
Q

Test we use for Coumadin monitoring

A

PT, prothrombin time, look at factor 7

70
Q

Why does 7 get so targeted from Coumadin?

A

7 has a very short half life

71
Q

PTT

A

Heparin monitoring (II and X, and IX)

72
Q

Most common serious bleeding disorder in the world

A

Hemophilia A

73
Q

What is hemophilia and absence of

A

Factor 8

74
Q

Screen for hemophilia A

A

PTT, measures factor 8

75
Q

12, 11, 9, 8 deficiencywould be monitored with what

A

PTT

76
Q

Mechanism of heparin

A

Knocks out anti-thrombin

Knocks out 10a

77
Q

Normal PT

A

10s

78
Q

INR for DVT

A

2.0-3.0

79
Q

INR

A

International normalize ratio used for Pt value

80
Q

Neutrophilia

A

Bacterial

81
Q

Lymphocytosis

A

Viral

82
Q

Eosinophilia

A

Allergies or worms

83
Q

Segs, bands, mylos all get added together to get total

A

Neutrophil count

84
Q

Leukemia

A

High or low WBC

85
Q

HGBx3 rule

A

Hemoglobin x 3 gives us hematocrit

86
Q

Hematocrit/3

A

Gives us hemoglobin

87
Q

Polycythemia Vera

A

High RBC count

88
Q

Anemia

A

Low HGB and HCT count, RBC is not always low.

89
Q

Anemia in women

A

<12g/dL

90
Q

Anemia in men

A

13.5g/dL

91
Q

Anemia with hemoglobin below 7

A

Hospitalized and transfused

92
Q

Most common anemia in the world

A

Iron-deficient anemia, a microcytic anemia

93
Q

Macrocytic anemia

A

MCV>110

94
Q

What does macrocytic anemia point to

A

Vitamin B12 or Folic acid deficiency

95
Q

What kind of anemia has a normal or high RBCs

A

Microcytic anemia

96
Q

MCV<80

A

Microcytic

97
Q

MCV>100

A

Macrocytic anemia

98
Q

Megaloblastic anemia

A

Same thing as macrocytic anemia

99
Q

WBC in viral infections

A

Don’t increase WBC much, can actually decrease it 50% of the time

100
Q

What do you have to confirm lupus with

A

Confirm with anti-dSNA and ANti-Sm

101
Q

ANA is observed in what diseases

A

SLE and scleroderma

102
Q

Most common screening test for syphillis

A

RPR

103
Q

What kind of tests do you use to confirm syphillis

A

FTA-ABS (antihuman antibody)

MHA-TP

104
Q

What does ANA look for

A

Connective tissue diseases

105
Q

What will be present in a urinalysis for UTI

A

Def leukocyte esterase

Blood
Nitrite
Protein can all be present

106
Q

Uncontrolled diabetes and urinalysis

A

Glucose in urine above 180 can get into urine q

107
Q

What kind of imaging does not show soft tissue

A

X ray

Pathology Block 9 (5 decks)

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