Lab Definitions Flashcards
Obligate heterotrophic algae
Primarily heterotrophic (absorption of organic matter is required for growth, metabolism, and reproduction) but are capable of sustaining themelves by phototrophy when prey concentration limit growth. E.g.Gymnodium gracilentum (dinoflagellate)
Obligate phototrophic algae
Primarily photosynthetic but can supplement growth by phagotropy (feeding directly on dead particulate or organic matter) and/or osmotrophy (active uptake of dissolved organic substances) when light is limiting. E.g. Dinobryan (heterokont)
Facultative mixotrophic algae
Can grow equally well as phototrophs and heterotrophs. E.g. Fragilidium (dinoflagellate)
Obligate mixotrophic algae
Primarily photosynthetic but phagotropy and/or osmotrophy provides substances essential for growth. E.g. Euglena (euglenophyte)
Asexual or Vegetative Reproduction
- Binary Fission (cellular bisection)
- Zoospore (flagellate motile spores produced within parental vegetative cells)
- Aplanospore (aflagellated cells that later develop into zoospores)
- Autospore (aflagellated cells that will be released from the ruptured parent cells)
- Autocolony formation (occures in colonial spears)
- Fragmentation (mostly in filamentous types)
Resting Stages of Algae
- Hypnospores (produced outside parent cells, allow to survive temporary drying)
- Hypnozygotes (outside parent cells forms after fertilization, allow to survive temporary drying out)
Spirogyra and Dinoflagellates!!! - Statospores (cysts that form within vegetative cell e.g. Ochromonas (stramenophile)
- Akinates (enlarged vegetative cells that develop a thick wall due to limiting nutrients and limiting light) e.g. Cyanobacteria and green algae
Life Cycles of Algae
- Haplontic or Zygotic e.g. Chlamydomonas
Zygote (2n) undergoes meiosis to produce haploid daughter cells - Diplontic or Gametic e.g. Diatoms
Vegetative diploid phase undergo meiosis to give rise to gametes - Diplohaplontic or Sporic e.g. Red Algae
Life cycle has two different phases consisting in a haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte. Gametes are produced by mitosis in the gametophytes.
Palmelloid
Algal colony composed of an indefinite number of non-motile cells embedded in a gelatinous or mucilaginous matrix
Uniseriate
Cells arranged in a single row/layer
Multiseriate
Consisting/arranged in several series
Capsoid
Individual non-motile cells embedded in mucilage
Coccoid
Individual non-motile cells with individual cell walls
Colonial
Small, regular groups of motile cells
Filamentous
A string of non-motile cells connected together
Parenchymatous
Cells forming a thallus with PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION OF TISSUES
Three Steps for Protein Import in Euglenoids
- Synthesis on polysomes bound to the rough ER with translocation into ER
- Transport from ER into Golgi apparatus
- Import across the three chloroplast membranes
Aplanospore
Nonmotile asexual spore formed by rejuvenation in algae
Different from akinete by developing a new cell wall distinct from parent cell
Autospore
Nonmotile, non-flagellated spore produced within a parent cell with the same chape as parent before release. Asexual.
Zoospore
Motile asexual spore that uses flagellum for locomotion
Anisogamy
Sexual reproduction by the fusion of dissimilar gametes
Isogamy
Fusion of gametes in similar size
Oogamy
Fusion of large nonmotile female gamete and small motile male gamete
Alteration of Generations
Regular alteration between two distinct forms:
The generations are alternately sexual and asexual.
Mitosis occurs in both diploid and haploid cells; unicellular haploid (gametophyte) and multicellular diploid (sporophyte).
Diplontic Life Cycle
Diploid stage is multicellular and haploid gametes are formed; meiosis is gametic.
Haplodiplontic Life Cycle
Multicellular diploid and haploid stages occur; Meiosis is sporic
Gametangium
Haploid structure; formation dows not involve meiosis
Antheridium / Oogonium (Gametangiums)
Antheridium - male sex organ
Oogonium - small female diploid cell
Isokont Flagella
Cells with flagella of equal length
Anisokont Flagella
Cells with flagella of unequal length
Desmids
Charophyta;
Unicellular, lacking flagella
Two symmetrical compartments
Asexual fission
Zygospore
Thick walled resting cell arising from the fusion of two similar gametes
(Charophytes)
Carpogonium
Female organ of Rhodophyta
Carpospore
Diploid spore produced by Rhodophyta after carposporophyte subdivides into carpospores.
Wall breaks down to release spores.
Carposporophyte
The sporophyte of Rhodophyta after spermatangium enters the carpogonium. Releases carpospores.
Monospores
Walled, nonflagellate spherical cells produces by diploid generation
Spermatangium
Male organ of rhodophyta that releases spermatia
Tetrasporophyte/ Tetrasporangium
Formed by carpospores (2n) after meiosis, releases tetraspores (n)
Epitheca
Larger half of frustule, overlaps the hypotheca of Diatoms
Hypotheca
Smaller half of the frustule of Diatoms
Frustule
Hard porous cell wall of Diatoms composed of silica
Pennate
Bilaterally symmetrical (diatoms)
Cingulum
Ribbonlike flagellum encircles the cell allowing turning and forward movement
Heterokont Flagella
Two unequal flagella (heterokonts)
Sulcus
The fissure in dinoflagellate
Conceptacles and Receptacles
Conceptacles: Specialized cavities that contain reproductive organs (brown fucales)
Receptacles: vegetative tissues near the end of reproductive stems at the ends of algae branches (Brown algae in heterokontophyta) contain conceptacles; also captures food.
Rhizoid
Protrube from lower epidermal cells of algae; absorb nutruents minerals and water.
Thallus
Undifferentiated vegetative tissue (lacks vascular tissue)
Autocolony Formation
Each cell within a colony can produce a new colony similar to the one which it belongs. Cell division produces multicellular groups that differs from parent in cell size but not number.
