LAB COMPILED Flashcards
1
Q
Basis of commonly used method in Bilirubin determination
A
Classic Diazo Reaction
2
Q
yields a colored product in Bilirubin determination using urine sample
A
Bilirubin + diazotized silfanilic acid
3
Q
he found that the diazo reaction may be applied to serum samples only in the presence of an accelerator ( solubilizer)
A
Van Den Burgh
4
Q
type of bilirubin that neeeds solubilizer
A
B2
5
Q
first clinically useful methodology for the quantification of bilirubin in serum samples
A
Evelyn and Malloy
6
Q
Accelerstor/solubilizerr in Evelyn and Malloy method in Bilirubin Determination
A
50% methanol
7
Q
Diazo A in Evelyn and Malloy method in Bilirubin Determination
A
0.1% Sulfanilic Acid + HCl
8
Q
Diazo B in Evelyn and Malloy method in Bilirubin Determination
A
0.5 % Sodium Nitrite
9
Q
Sodium Blank in Evelyn and Malloy method in Bilirubin Determination
A
1.5 % HCl
10
Q
Final reaction in Evelyn and Malloy Bilirubin determination
A
pink to purple azobilirubin (red-blue)
11
Q
pH in Evelyn and Malloy Bilirubin determination
A
1.2
12
Q
Wavelength requirement in Evelyn and Malloy Bilirubin determination
A
560 nm
13
Q
Most commonly used and more sensitive than Evelyn and Malloy bilirubin determination
A
Jendrassik and Grof
14
Q
Jendrassik and Grof bilirubin determination is more specific because it requires
A
additon of buffer
15
Q
accelator used in Jendrassik and Grof bilirubin determination
A
Caffeine sodium benzoate
16
Q
buffer used in Jendrassik and Grof bilirubin determination
A
Sodium Acetate
17
Q
final reaction in Jendrassik and Grof bilirubin determination
A
pink to blue azobilirubin (blue)
18
Q
required wavelength in Jendrassik and Grof bilirubin determination
A
600 nm
19
Q
bilirubin determination in neonates
A
bilirubinometry
20
Q
this involves the measurement of reflected light from the skin using two wavelengths that provide a numerical index
A
Bilirubinometery
21
Q
a reflection of the amount of bilirubin present in the body of the newborn/neonate
A
Numerical Index
22
Q
When will B1 react with the diazotized sulfanilic acid
A
presence of accelerator
23
Q
3rd fraction of bilirubin
A
Delta Bilirubin
24
Q
it is a B2 that is bound to albumin
A
Delta Bilirubin
25
Delta Bilirubin in what type of obstruction
Hepatic
26
Total Bilirubin consist of
Unconjugsted,Conjugated,Deltra Bilirubin
27
sample for bilirubin determination
serum or plasma
28
sample for bilirubin determination using Evelyn and Malloy method
Serum
29
Is fasting required for bilirubin determination
Yes
30
Why is fasting requiredfor bilirubin determination
Lipemia increases the bilirubin concentration, so that,
when processing a lipemic sample, the bilirubin
concentration is falsely elevated
31
What happens in Bilirubin Determination is sample is hemolyzed
The hemolyzed sample can decrease the reaction of
bilirubin with diazotide sulfanilic acid, results to falsely
decreased bilirubin concentration
32
Specimens for bilirubin determination must be protected from light because
Bilirubin is photosensitive
33
if specimen for bilirubin determinatiin is unprotected from light,what will happen
bilirubin values may reduce by 30% - 50% per hour
34
Proper storage for bilirubin samples for it to be stable for 2 days
RT
35
Proper storage for bilirubin samples for it to be stable for 1 week
4C
36
Proper storage for bilirubin samples for it to be stable indefinitely
-20C
37
Conversion Factor for bilirubin
17.1
38
Increase levels of urinary urobilinogem indicates
Hemolytic disease and defctive liver function (hepatitis)
39
Absence of urobilinogen from the urine and stool indicates
Complete biliary obstruction
40
other name for ehrlich's reagent
p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
41
color formed when urobilinogen is added to ehrlich's reagent
red
42
urobilinogen is measured by
spectrophotometrically
43
specimen of choice for determination of urobilinogen
fresh 2-hour urine specimen
44
during the collection of sample for urine urobilinogen the sample needs to be - untik the sample is completely collected
refrigerated
45
fecal urobilinogen specimen
aqueous extrsct of fresh feces
46
Any urobilin present in fecal urobilinogen determination sample is reduced to urobilinogen by treatment with - before ehrlich's reagent is added
alkaline ferrous hydroxide
47
may be useful in following progression of liver disease and the assessment of the risk of bleeding
Prothrombin Time (Vitamin K Response Test)
48
Prolonged Prothrombine time indicates what typr of liver disease
Severe Diffuse Liver Disease
49
specimen used for measureing nitrogen metabolism in ammonia
plasma collected in Edta,lithium heparin ,or potassium oxakate
50
specimen in ammonia testing should be placed on
ice/water slurry
51
when there is delay in testing for ammonia plasma must be removed and placed on
ice or frozen (-70C)
52
wavelength for decrease in absorbance that is measured and is proportional to ammonia concentration
340 nm
53
specimen for determination of osmolaloty
serum or urine
54
Osmometers in Determinstion of Osmolality are standardized using
sodium chloride reference solutions
55
in osmometers after calibrating the analyzer with a sodium
chloride solution, the sample is pipetted in the
sample cuvette and is placed onto the analyzer
and the sample is allowed to stay there and it
should be incubated at
-7C for freezing
56
principle for Osmometers
Freezing point depression
57
indirectly indicates the presence of osmotically active substances oyher than sodium,urea or glucose
Osmolal gap
58
osmolal gap can also detect presence of - other than sodium,urea,or glucose
ethanol,methanol,lactate,ethylene glycol, or others
59
specimen for sodium determination
Serum,Plasma,Urine
60
Anticoagulant for plasma sample in sodium determination
Lithium heparin,ammonium heparin,and lithium oxalate
61
Specimen for Urine Sodium analysis
24 hour collection
62
most routinely used method for sodium determination
Ion Selective Electrode
63
in Sodium Analysis the glass ion- exchange membrane used for ISE is
glass ammonium silicate
64
type of ISE measurement in sodium thst uses undiluted sample
direct method
65
type of ISE measurement in sodium thst uses diluted sample
Indirect Method
66
Colorimetry method in sodium determination
Albanese Lein
67
how to avoid pseudohyperkalemia
use heparin as anticoagulant and use plasma sample
68
prolonged tourniquet application or excessive fist clenching can cuase - to proteins
false elevated levels
69
most common cause of artifactual hyperkalemia
Hemolysis
70
% of increase in potassium if there is slight hemolysis
0.03
71
% of increase in potassium if there is Gross hemolysis
0.3
72
specimen of choicw for potassium determination
Serum,Plasma,Urine
73
Anticoagulant of choice for potassium determinatiin
Heparin
74
specimen of choice for urine potassium determination
24 hour urine Collection
75
Current method for potassium determination
ISE
76
membrane used in ISE method for potassium
Valinomycin membrane
77
Inner electrode solution for potassium ISE method
KCl
78
Colorimetry method for Potassium
Lockhead and Purcell
79
specimen of choice for chloride determination
Serum or Plasma
80
anticoagulant of choice for chloride determination
Lithium Heparin
81
levels of chloride may be decreased due to marked hemolysis as a result of
dilutional effect
82
specimen used in analyzers for chloride determination
Whole Blood
83
Sample for Urine Chloride analysis
24-hour urine sample
84
specimen of choice for sweat chloride analysis
Sweat
85
Fecal chloride analysis is used for detection of
congenital hypochloremic alkalosis with hyperchloridorrhea
86
genetic disease thst there is mutation in the gene thst codes for the protein which acts as the plasma membrane exchanger for chloride and bicarbonate
Congenital Hypochloremic alkalosis
87
main clinical symptom for congenital hypochloremic alkalosis
lifelong watery diarrhea with high chloride content
88
most common method for chloride determination
Ion selective Electrode
89
membrane used for chloride ISE
tri-n-octylpropylammonium chloride decanol
90
other name for mercurimetric titration of chloride
schales and schales
91
specimen in schales snd schales chloride determination
protein-free filtrate
92
titrate use for schales and schales chloride determination
mercuric nitrate solution
93
indicator for schales and schales chloride determination
diphenylcarbazone
94
Enzyme product for schales and schales method
mercuric chloride
95
Color produced for mercurimetric titration in chloride
blue-violet complex
96
spectrophotometric method for chloride determination
Whitehorn Titration Method
97
titrate for Whitehorn titration method chloride determination
Mercuric Thiocyanate
98
amperometric-coulorimetric titration for chloride
Cotlove Chloridometer
99
specimen for bicarbonate determination
Serum or plasma (lithium heparin)
100
in bicarbonate determination If the sample is left uncapped before analysis, CO2
escapes and levels can decrease by
6 mmol/L/h
101
two common method for bicarbonate determination
ISE and Enzymatic Method
102
ISE in bicarbonate determination fuses with - electrode
pCO2
103
enzyme for enzymatic method in Bicarbonate determination
carboxylate phosphoenolpyruvate
104
coupling enzyme for enzYmatic reaction of bicarbonate determination
malate dehydrogenase
105
when PEP is added with bicarbonate this is formed
oxaloacetate plus phosphirid acid
106
Oxaloacetate reacts with NADH and hydrogen ion concentration to produced
malate plus NAD
107
Specimen of choice for magensium determination
Nonhemolyezed serum or plasma (lithium heparin)
108
unacceptable anticoagulant for magneisum determination
oxalate, citrate,EDTA
109
24 hour urine sample for magnesium determination should be acidified with
HCl
110
colorimetric methods for magenesium determination
Calmagite method,Formazan dye method,Methylthymol blue method
111
Calmagite method for magneisum determination produces
reddish-violet complex (532 nm)
112
Formazan dye method for magneisum determination produces
colored complex (660 nm)
113
Methylthymol blue method for magneisum determination produces
colored complex
114
reference method for magneisum determination
Atomic absorption spectrophotometery
115
Dye - lake method for magnesium determination
Titan Yellow Dye (Ckayton Yellow or Thiazolw Yelllow).
116
specimen of choice for total calcium
serum or plasma
117
anticoagulant for total calcium (lithium heparin)
118
why are edta and oxalate unacceptable anticoagulant for total calcium
binds to calcium
119
how many mL of HCl is added for each 100 mL of urine in urine calcium determination
1 mL
120
preferred sample for calcium determination
Urine
121
methods for total calcium analysis
Ortho-cresolphthalein Complexone ,Arsenazo III Dye,Atomic absorption spectrophotometry
122
reference method for total calcium analysis
atomic absorption spectrophotometry
123
ortho-cresolphthalein complexone uses - to prevent magnesium interference
8-hydroxyquinoline
124
Ortho-cresolphthalein complexone amd arsenazo III are classified as what method of total calcium determination
Colorimetric methods
125
method for ionized calcium analysis
Ion Selective Electrode
126
precipitation and redox redox titration for calcium determination
Clark Collip Precipitation and Ferro Ham Chloranilic Acid Precipitation
127
Enzyme product for Clark Collip Precipitation in calcium determination method
Oxalic Acid
128
Enzyme product for Ferro Ham Chloranilic Acid Precipitation in calcium determination method
Choranilic acid
129
color indicator for precipitation and redox reaction in calcium
purple
130
specimen for phosphate determination
serum or plasma
131
anticoagulant for phosphate
lithium heparin
132
preffered sample for urine phosophate determination
24-hour sample
133
other name forammonium molybdate method of phosphate
fiske subbarow Method
134
enzyme product for fiske subbarow method of phosphate
ammonium phosphomolybdate complex
135
ammonium phosphomolybdate complex of phosphate can be measured by
ultraviolet absorption at 340 nm
136
ammonium phosphomolybdate complex can be reueced to form
molybdenum blue
137
wavelength for reduced ammonium phosphomolybdate complex of phosphate
600-700 nm
138
color for Molybdenum blue
blue chromophore
139
The difference between unmeasured anions and
unmeasured cations
anion gap
140
two commonly used methods for calculating anion gap
AG= Na-(Cl + HCO3) or AG= (Na + + K+ )- ( Cl+ HCO3)
141
useful in determining the severity of diarrhea
measurement of urine AG
142
preffered specimen for acid base balance
arterial blood
143
anticoagulant for acid base balance
heparin
144
sample for acid base balance should be - to prevent oxygen consumption by the RBC and release of acidic metabolites
chilled with the use of ice chips or placed in water slurry
145
blood gas analyzers measures - in acid base balance
pH,pO2,pCO2
146
it involves the measurement of
the current flow or voltage, otherwise known as
potential, generated by the specific ions present in
the solution
Electrochemistry
147
blood gas analyzers follows what principle
Electrochemistry
148
used for measuring pO2 (electordes)
amperometry
149
used for measuring pH and pCO2 electrode
potentiometry
150
this electrode contains constant voltage or potential
reference electorde
151
measuring electrode for potentiometry
Indicator electrode
152
electode measured for pO2
clark electrode
153
electrode for pCO2
Severinghaus electrode
154
electrode for pH
Silver (Silver Chloride Electrode) ,Calomel electorde , Gas electrode
155
most common electrode for pH
Gas Electrode
156
example of POCT device for electrodes in acid-base balance
Transcutaneous Electrodes
157
transcutaneous electrodes are commonly used for what age group
neonates and infants
