L2 P1 Flashcards
1
Q
ions capable of carrying electric charge
A
electrolytes
2
Q
electrolytes are classified based on
A
type of charge they carry and their migration in electric field
3
Q
have negative charge and move toward the anode
A
anions
4
Q
have positive charge and migrate in the direction of cathode
A
cations
5
Q
involved in the regulation of blood volume as well as osmotic regulation
A
Sodium,potassium, chloride
6
Q
involved in the regulation pf myocardial rhythm and contractility
A
Potassium,Magnesium,Calcium
7
Q
acid base balance electrolytes
A
Bicarbonate,Chloride,and Potassium
8
Q
cofactors in enzyme activation
A
Magnesium,Calcium,Zinc
9
Q
regulation of adenosine triphosphate ion pumps
A
Magnesium
10
Q
involve on blood coagulation
A
Calcium,Magnesium
11
Q
involve in neuromuscular excitability
A
Potassium,Calcium,Magnesium
12
Q
involve in production and use of atp from glucose
A
Magnesium,Phosphate
13
Q
average water content of the body
A
40%-75% of total body weight
14
Q
why does woman have lower water content than men
A
higher fat content
15
Q
functions of water
A
Transports nutrients to cells,determines cell volume by its transport into and out of cells,removes waste products by way of urine,and acts as the body’s coolant by way of sweating
16
Q
fluid inside the cell
A
Intracellular fluid
17
Q
intracellular fluid acounts about - of total body water
A
2/3 of total body water
18
Q
accounts for the other 1/3 of total body water
A
extracellular fluid
19
Q
otherwise known as plasma
A
Intravascular extracellular fluid
20
Q
fluid that surrounds the cells in tissue
A
interstitial cell fluid
21
Q
normal plasma is 93% water,with the remaining volume occupied by
A
lipids and proteins
22
Q
concentration of ions within cells and in plasma are maintained both by
A
energy-consuming active transport process, and by diffusion passive transport process.
23
Q
mechanism that requires energy to move ions across cellular membranes
A
Active Transport
24
Q
Maintaining a high intracellular concentration of K+ and a high extracellular (plasma) concentration of Ma+ requires use of energy from
A
ATP in ATPase-dependent ion pumps
25
passive movement of ions across a membrane
Diffusion
26
diffusion depends on the
size and charge of the ion being transported and on the nature of the membrane through which it is passing
27
rate of diffusion of various ion may also be altered by
physiologic and hormonal processes
28
transcellular fluid are contained in
CSF,SYNOVIAL, 3SEROUS FLUID
29
Water content of plasma is - higher than whole blood
0.12
30
Retention of 3 Liters of water
Edema
31
10-20L of water is excreted daily
Deficiency of ADH
32
ADH
Arginine Vasopressin
33
responsible for promoting water reabsorptoon
Arginine Vasopressin
34
molecules move from low to high concentration and need ATP
Active Transport
35
molecules move from high to low concentration no need of energy
Passive Transport
36
these pumps move ions extracellularly and potassium ions intracellularly
Sodium Potassium Pump
37
major intracellular cation
potassium
38
major extracellular cation
sodium
39
a physical property of a solution that is based on the concentration of solutes
Osmolality
40
omolality measurement unit
millimoles per kilogram of solvent
41
plasma osmolality
concentration of solute in plasma
42
urine osmolality
concentration of solute in urine sample
43
account for approximately 90% of the osmotic activty in plasma
Sodium and its associated anions
44
sodium is always partnered with
chloride
45
parameter in which hypothalamus response
osmolality
46
response of body to thirst (describe the plasma osmolality)
decreased
47
why is plasma osmolality decreased in response of body to thirst
when consuming more fluid,the water content of extracellular fluid or plasma will be diluted and since the plasma will be diluted, the solutes will likewise be diluted
48
when wtaer is conserved, plasma osmolality -
decreases
49
secretion of avp or adh (describe plasma osmolalityy)
decreased
50
why is plasma osmolality decreased in avp or adh secretion
they act on the cells of collecting ducts of kidneys ti increase water reabsorption.As water is concserved,plasma osmolality decreases
51
synthesized by the hypothalamus
Arginine Vasopression
52
AVP is stored in the
posterior pituitary gland
53
osmolality reference range
275-295 mOsm/kg of plasma water
54
a 1%-2% increase in osmolality results to
fourfold increase in the circulating concentration of AVP
55
A 1%-2% decrease in osmolality results to
Shutt off AVP productions
56
excess intake of water
polydipsia
57
wheb excess intake of water begins to lower plasma osmolality what happens to AVP and thirst
they are suppressed
58
decrease in plasma osmolality
Hypoosmolality
59
decrease in plasma sodium concentration
Hyponatremia
60
deficit of water causes plasma osmolality to
increase
61
major defense against hyperosmolality and hypernatremia
thirst
62
culprit for hyperosmolality and hypernatremia
dehydration
63
essential in maintaing blood pressure
adequate amount of blood
64
renin-angiotensisn-aldosterone system responds primarily to
decreased blood volume
65
secreted in response to decreased rebal blood flow (decressed blood volume or blood pressure )
Renin
66
renin is secreted by
juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney
67
renin catalyzes
converion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
68
Converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
69
acts on the andrenal gland to stimulate release of aldosterone
Angiotensin II
70
Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to stimulate reabsorption of
salt and water
71
angiotensin II also acts directly on blood vessels stinulating
vasoconstriction
72
Two mechanism that corrects the decrease in blood volume or causes elevated blood volume or blood pressure
vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone
73
refers to the narrowing of the lumen of blood vessels
vasoconstriction
74
promotes sodium reabsorption
aldosterone
75
four factors affecting blood volume
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide, Volume receptors independent of osmolality, Glomerukar Filtration Rate, Increased plasma sodium will increase urinary sodium excretion and vice versa
76
released from myocardial atria and ventricles in response to blood volume expansion
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
77
atrial natriuretic peptide mechanism of action in decreasing blood volume
promotes sodium excretion in the kidney in order to decrease blod volume
78
acts together in regulating blood pressure
B-type natriuretic peptide and Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
79
accounts for serun or plasma osmolality and is the main regulator of osmolality
Sodium
80
increased blood volume
hypervolemia
81
main ion interest in hypervolemia
sodium
82
localized in the blood vessels and they are triggered when there is stretching of blood vessels (narrowing of blood vessels)
Batoreceptors
83
measure on how well the kidney is working
glomerular filtration rate
84
refelects filtering capacity of the kidneys
glomerukar filtration rate
85
glomerular filtration rate increases with
volume expansion (hypervolemia)
86
glomerular filtration rate decreases with
volune depletion ( hypovolemia)
87
blood volume and filtering capacity of the kidney relationship
directly proportional
88
plasma sodium and urinary sodium excretion relationship
directly proportional
89
increased plasma sodium concentration
hypernatremia
90
associated with diabetes insipidus and polydipsia
decreased urine osmolality
91
decreased urine osmolality indicates that the urine is
diluted
92
diabetes insipidus, the problem lies on
AVP
93
low levels of ADH or AVP will cause
kidney to excrete too much water (polyuria) producing a diluted urine, resulting in a decreased urine osmolality
94
overproduction of AVP/ADH causes
increased water reabsorption
95
syndrome of inappropriate ADH Secretion
increased urine osmolality
96
indicates a concentrated urine sample
Increased Urine Osmolality
97
increased urine osmolalit = - urine sample
concentrated
98
specimen used in determination of osmolality
serum or urine
99
specimen for serum osmolality
serum
100
specimen for urine osmolality
urine
101
osmometers principle
freezing point depression
102
phenomen when the freezing point of the liquid is lowered when solute is added to it
freezing point depression
103
where the liquid sample must turn to solid through freezing
freezing point depression
104
osmometers are standardized using - reference solutions
sodium chloride
105
in osmometer method ,sample is allowedtl stay in the analyzer and should be incubated at - for freezing
-7 degrees celcius
106
freezing pount is measured together with
serum or urine osmolality
107
osmometer method result
directly proportional to the plasma urine osmolality
108
osmometer unit of measurement
milliosmolws per kilogram
109
indirectly indicates the presence of osmotically active substances other than sodium,urea, or glucose
Osmolal gap
110
osmolal gao can also detect presence of
ethanol,methanol,lactate,ethylene glycol,or others
111
formula in osmolal gap
osmolal gap= osmolality (measures)- Osmolality (calculated)
112
calculated osmolality is the result of this equation
2 na + (glucose (mg/dL)/20) + (BUN(mg/dL)/3 or 1.86 Na + (glucose/18)+ (BUN/2.8) +9
113
Measured osmolality will come from the result of
osmometer reading
114
normal reading for osmolal gap
5-10 mOsm/kg
115
if osmolal gap is >10 there is the presence of
osmotically active substances (abnormal substances in serum or plasma)
116
serum osmolality reference range
275- 295 mOSm/kg
117
Urine (24h) osmolality reference range
300-900 mOsm/kg
118
Random Urine osmolality reference range
50-1200 mOsm/kg
119
Urine/serun ratio osmolality reference range
1.0-3.0
120
Osmolal gap osmolality reference range
5-10 mOsm/kg
121
sodium is aka
Natrium
122
major cation of extracellular fluid
Sodium
123
sodium is - of all extracellular fluid
0.9
124
determines osmolality of the plasma
Sodium
125
result of Na+ and associated anions (chloride and bicarbonate) in notmal plasma osmolality
270 mmol/L
126
concentration of sodium in - is much larger than in the cells
ECF
127
Sodium regulation involves
Sodium-potassium pump
128
Sodium-potassium pump=
moves 3 Na+ ions out of the cell in exchange of 2 K+ ions moving into the cell
129
regulated by sodium potassium pump
maintenance of high sodium and high intracellular potassium concentrations
130
thirst sensation is activated
hypernatremia
131
thirst sensation is suppressed
hyponatremia
132
% of filtered sodium reabsorbed in the proximal tubule
60% - 75%
133
Hypovolemia :(pressure in the kidneys)
decreased pressure in the kidneys
134
stimulates the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys to secrete renin
decrease renal perfusion pressure
135
located suprarenally on top of the kidney
adrenal gland
136
activates thirst sensation
hypothalamus
137
hypovolemia is corrected by
RAAS
138
Hypervolemia is corrected by
ANP
139
Increase thirst sensation to dilute excess sodium ions in blood or serum
Hyperosmolal and Hypernatremia
140
how is hyoerosmolality and hypernatremia corrected
hypothalamus stimulate adh or avp to promote water retention or water reabsorption
141
sodium: <135 mmol/L
Hyponatremia
142
most common electrolyte disorder in hospitalized and non-hospitalized
Hyponatremia
143
Water Retentioon relationship with Sodium
inversely proportional
144
Increased sodium loss results from
Decreased aldosterone production,Certain diuretics,Ketonuria,Salt-losing nephropathy,K+ deficiency,Prolonged vomiting and diarrhea,Severe Burns
145
Increased water retention results from
Acute or chronic renal failure,Nephrotic syndrime (decreased plssma protein), Hepatic Cirrhosis,Congestive heart failure
146
Water Imbalance results in
Excess water intake,SIADH,Pseudohyponatremia,
147
aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption =
plasma levels will be decreased
148
aldosterone production and sodium reabsorption relationship
directly proportional
149
certain duretucs for increased sodium loss include
thiazides
150
promotes urination or increases urine output thst causes sodium loss
thiazides
151
ketone secretion and sodium loss relationship
directions proportional
152
prevalent in some renal tubular disorders due to decreased sodium reabsorption and increased excretion of water
Salt-losing nephropathy
153
when potassium levels are low,renal tubules will conserve potassium and excrete
sodim
154
significant ooss of body fluids results to
Increased sodium loss
155
in severe burns,sodium loss is due to
transdermal fluid losses
156
causes dilution of serum or plasma sodium levels, since kidneys cannot properly excrete water, causing dilution
acute or chronic renal failure
157
decreased plasma protein leads to
decreased colloid osmotic pressure
158
holds water within vascular space
Colloid osmotic pressure
159
low plasma volume causes
hyponatremia
160
fluids migrate to tissue due to decreased sodium reabsorption in albumin
edema
161
avp /adh and water retention relationship
directly proportional
162
low blood volume causes
hyponatremia
163
there is water retention or imbalance due to increased activity of AVP or ADH
Syndrime if Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
164
artificial low sodium concentration
Pseudohyponatremia
165
occurs when serum concentration is measured with indirect ion selective electrode method,such as in patients with increased lipid levels or protein levels or in cases of hyperlipidemia or hyperproteinemia
Pseudohyponatremia
166
dilutes sample prior to analysis and causes falsely decreased sodium levels
indirect ISE
167
classifications by plasma/serum osmolality
Hyponatremia with a normal osmolality,Hyponatremia with a high osmolality,Hyponatremia with a low osmolality
168
increase in non-sodium cations like calcium,potassium, lithium, and magnesium
Hyponatremia with normal osmolality
169
elevated magnesium levels in blood
Hypermagnesemia
170
elevated calcium levels in blood
Hypercalcemia
171
elevated potassium levels in blood
Hyperkalemia
172
In cases of DM-elevated levels of glucose increase serum osmolality,causing
shift of water from the cells to the blood
173
most common cause of hyponatremia when related to Osmolality
Hyponatremia with low osmolality
174
Classify type of plasma/serum osmolality : Due to sodium loss or water retention
Hyponatremia with low osmolality
175
Classify type of plasma/serum osmolality : Hyperkalemia
Hyponatremia with normal osmolality
176
Classify type of plasma/serum osmolality : Hypermagnesemia
Hyponatremia with normal osmolality
177
Classify type of plasma/serum osmolality : Hyperglycemia
Hyponatremia with High osmolality
178
Classify type of plasma/serum osmolality : Hypercalcemia
Hyponatremia with normal osmolality
179
sodium retention causes sodium osmolality to
decrease
180
Symptoms of hyponatremia:GIT Disturbances
125-130 mmol/L
181
Symptoms of hyponatremia: <125 mmol/L
neuropsychiatic symptoms,nause and vomiting, muscular weakness, headache,lethargy,ataxia
182
most severe symptoms of hyponatremia <125 mmol/L
seizures,coma,respiratory depression
183
Symptoms of hyponatremia : <120 mmol/L
Medical Emergency
184
hyponatremia treatment
fluid restriction,hypertonic saline and/or other pharmacological agents or correction on the sodium loss
185
plasma or serum sodium concentration is higher than upper limit of normal
Hypernatremia
186
less commonly seen in hospitalized patients
Hypernatremia
187
Hypernatremia is the result of
excess loss of water,Decreased water intake,Increased sodium intake or retention
188
Hyperaldosteronism can cause
Hypernatremia
189
Symptoms of Hypernatremia
Altered mental status,lethargy,irritability,restlessness,seizures,muscle twitching, hyperreflexes,fever,nausea or vomiting, difficult respiration , increased thirst
190
hyperactivity or repeating reflexes
Hyperreflexes
191
60-75 % mortality rate
>160 mmol/L sodium
192
hypernatremia treatment
correction of underlying condition thst caused the water depletion or Ma+ retention
193
Specimen of choice in sodium laboratory assessment
Serum,Palsma,Urine
194
anticoagulants for plasma specimen in sodium
Lithium heparin,Ammonium heparin,Lithium Oxalate
195
Urine sodium analysis
24 hour collection
196
also used for sodium determination
sweat
197
most routineky used method in sodium determination
Iom-selective electrodes
198
Most analyzers use glass ion- exchange membrane or
glass aluminum silicate
199
type of ISE measurement where undiluted sample interacts with the ISE Membrane
Direct method
200
type ipf ISE measurement where a diluted sample is used
Indirect method
201
Colorimetry in sodium determination is introduced by
Albanese Lein
202
Reference range for sodium in Serum,Plasma specimen
136-145 mmol/L
203
Reference range for sodium in Urine (24h)
40-220 mmol/d , varies with diet
204
Reference range for sodium in CSF Specimen
136-150 mmol/L
205
If hyponatremia,concentration levels of serum,plasma should be
lower than the lower limit of normal (lower than 136 mmol/L)
206
If hypernatremia,concentration levels of serum,plasma should be
higher than maximum limit of normal (higher than 145 mmol/)
207
Kalium
Potassium
208
major intracellukar cation
Potassium
209
concentration of potassium inside the cell
20 times greater than outside
210
% of total potassium circulating in the plasma
0.02
211
functions of potassium
regulation of neuromuscular excitability,concentration of the heart,ICF Volume,and H+ Concentration
212
reabsorb nearly all the K+
proximal tubules
213
under the influence of aldosterone,where does additional K+ is secreted into the urine in exchange for Na+
in both the distal tubules and collecting ducts
214
promotes potassium secretion in the distal tubules and in the collecting ducts
Aldosterone
215
important in normalizing an acute rise in plasma K+ Concentration
K+ uptake from the ECF
216
3 factors thain influence the distribution of K+ between cells and ECF
EXERCISE,HYPEROSMOLALITY,CELLULAR BREAKDOWN
217
Na+,K+- ATPase pump is inhibited by hypoxia ,hypomagnesemia or digoxin overdose
K+ loss frequently occurs
218
decrease tissue oxygenation
Hypoxia
219
decrease serum or plasma magnesium levels
Hypomagnesemia
220
maintains high intracellular potassium concentration
Sodium potassium pump
221
promotes acute entry of K+ into skeletal muscle and liver by increasing Na+,K+-ATPase activity
Insulin
222
increases sodium potassium ATPase activity
Insulin
223
hypoglycemic agent that promotes entry of potassium into the skeletal muscle and liver
Insulin
224
promotes cellular entry of K+
Cathecolamines
225
impairs cellular entry of K+
Propanolol
226
plasma K+ increases by 0.3 - 1.2 mmol/L
Mild to moderate exercise
227
released from the muscle cells during exercise
Potassium
228
potassium increases as high as 2-3 mmol/L
Exhaustive exercise
229
uncontrolled DM causes
gradual depletion of K+
230
releases K+ into the ECF
Cellular breakdown
231
below the normal limit of the reference range in potassium
Hypokalemia
232
procedure of emptying the components of the stomach
Gastric Suction
233
Gastric Suction is done in patients who
ingested poison or toxic substances
234
promotes increased bowel movement resulting to increased GI Losses of potassium
Laxatives
235
acute or chronic where the kidneys are inflamed, leading to kidney failure resulting to abnormal kidney function and leads to increased potassium excretion
K+- losing nephritis
236
deacreased hydrogen Ion secretion leads
Hypokalemia
237
Hypomagnesemia worsens or aggregates potassium wasting by
Increasing distal potassium secretion
238
hyperaldosterinism causes (potassium)
hypokalemia
239
plasma K+ decreases by - per 0.1 unit rise in pH
0.4 mmol/L
240
Symptoms of hypokalemia <3 mmol/L plasma K+
Muscle weakness or paralysis,fatigue,constipation
241
Asymptomatic Hypokalemia
hypokalemia (3-4 mmol/L)
242
Treatmemt for hypokalemia
Oral KCl replacement/IV replacement
243
treatment for mild hypokalemia
high intake of K+ rich foods
244
higher potassium than the upper limit of normal
Hyperkalemia
245
Underlying disorder in hyperkalemia
renal insufficiency,diabetes mellitus,metabolic acidosis
246
more likely to develop hyperkalemia after administration of potassium chloride
Renal Insufficiency
247
bicarbonate deficiency causing shift from the cell to the ECF or to the plasma
Metabolic Acidosis
248
most common cause of hyperkalemia in hospitalized patients
Therapeutic K+ administration
249
inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme wherein aldosterone cannot be secreted causing decrease in sodium reabsorption and increase in plasma concentration
Captopril
250
inhubits aldosterone,so sodium reabsorption will not push through and potassium concentration gets to elevated
NSAIDs
251
potassium sparing diuretics
Spironolactone
252
inhibits potassium pump
Digoxin
253
inhibits aldosterone secretion and response
Cyclosporine and Heparin Therapy
254
Symptoms of hyperkalemia in 8mmol/L
Muscle Weakness
255
Other symptoms of hyperkalemia
tingling,numbness,or metsl confusion by altering neuromuscular conduction
256
6-7 mmol/L potassium
may alter ECG
257
>10 mmol/L potassium
may cause fatal cardiac arrest
258
stabilize the cardiac membrane to reduce the risk of cardiac arrhythmias
Calcium
259
Help move potassium ions into the cell
Sodium bicarbonate,Glucose,Insulin
260
these agents speed up yhe cellular entry of potassium into the cells to solve the problem if hyperkalemia
Sodium bicarbonate,Glucose,Insulin
261
increases urinary secretions of potassiums
Diuretics
262
agent that can bind potassium secreted in the colon
Sodium Polysterene Sulfonate
263
artifactual hyperkalemia;false elevated potassium levels
Pseudohyperkalemia
264
causes for Serum K+ to be 0.1 to 0.7mmol/L higher than Plasma K+ concentrations
Coagulation
265
Coagulation effect om the potassium level cam be corrected by
use heparin as the anticoagulants of choice instead of using a serum sample
266
use plasma sample in potassium determination to avoid
Pseudohyperkalemia
267
can also cause falsely elevated levels of potassium
Prolonged tourniquet Application
268
Blood samples which are use for potassium determination should be stored at
room temperature
269
most common cause of artifactual hyperkalemia
Hemolysis
270
Slight Hemolysis (approx, 50 mg/dL Hb) effect on potassium level
3% increase
271
Gross hemolysis (>500 mg/dL Hb) effect on potassium level
30% increase
272
Specimen of choice for potassium determination
Serum,Plasma,Urine
273
anticoagulant of choice for potassium determination
Heparin
274
elevated platelet counts may cause
Hyperkalemia
275
Urine test for potassium determination
24h urine collection
276
current method in potassium determination
Ion selective electrode
277
used in ISE to selectively bind K+
Valinomycin membrane
278
inner electrolyte solution in Ise method for protein determinantion
KCl
279
Colorimetry in protein determination is proposed by
Lockhead and Purcell
280
Potassium + sodium cobaltinitrite =
sodium potassium cobaltinitrite
281
a blue color is produced when this is added to sodium potassium cobaltinitrite
Phenol
282
reference range for potassium determination in serum specimen
3.5-5.1 mmol/L
283
reference range for potassium determination in Urine (24h)
33-86 mmol/d
284
major extracellular anion
Chloride
285
similar to Na+ and is significantly involved in the maintenance osmolality, blood volume,and electric neutrality
Chloride
286
how is Cl- regulated
Cl- ingested in the diet is almost completely absorbed by the intestinal tract,is filtered by the glomerulus, and is passively reabsorbed by the PCT
287
2 Ways wherein Cl- maintains electrical neutrality
Reabsorption of Na+ along with Cl- ingested the proximal tubules and Chloride shift
288
Chloride shift is aka
Hamburger Phenomenon
289
Uptake of Chloride in exchange of bicarbonate in RBCs
Chloride Shift
290
same or equal nu,ber of positively charged ions and negatively charged ions on each side of the red blood cell membrane
Electroneutrality
291
end product if cellular metabolism
CO2
292
H2CO3 is formed through
Combination of CO2 with water
293
formation of H2CO3 through combining water and CO2 is catalyzed by
Carbonic Anhydrase
294
H2CO3 dissociates into (in Chloride Shift)
HCO3 and Hydrogen Ion
295
movement of chloride and bicarbonate to maintain electrical neutrality
Chloride Shift
296
may occur when there is an excess loss of bicarbonate as a result of GI losses,RTA,or metabolic acidosis
Hyperchloremia
297
culprit in hyperchloremia
bicarbonate loss
298
refers to plasma or serum concentration of chloride which is higer than the upper limit of normal
Hyperchloremia
299
Bicarbonate and Cl- relationship
inversely proportional
300
excessive loss of Cl- from prolonged vomiting,diabetic ketoacidosis, aldosterone deficiency,or salt-losing renal diseases
Hypochloremia
301
specimen of choice for Chloride determination
Serum or plasma (lithium heparin)
302
marked hemolysis effect on chloride determination
levels may be decreased as a result of a dilutional effect
303
Specimen of choice for assesing congenital hypochloremic alkalosis with hyperchloridorrhea
fecal
304
refers to the relationship of chloride and bicarbonate
Alkalosis
305
chloride concentration in feces
180 mmol/L,with undetectable Cl- in urine
306
Congenital hypochloremic alkalosis with hyperchloridorrhea main clinical symptom
lifelong watery diarrhea with high chloride content
307
most common method for chloride determination
Ion selective electrode
308
membrane for ion selective electrode chloride determination
tri-n-octylpropylammonium chloride decanol
309
who proposed mercurimetric titration
schales and schales
310
in the method for potassium determination mercurimetric titration , the indicator is
diphenylcarbazone
311
specimen used in the mercurimetric titration method
protein-free filtrate
312
EP for mercurimetric titration chloride determination
mercuric chloride
313
color that is produced in mercurimetric titration
blue- violet color complex
314
spectrophotometric methods for chloride determination
mercuric thiocyanate and ferric perchlorate
315
mercuric thiocyanste method other name
whitehorn titration method
316
whitehorn titration method EP:
Reddish Complex
317
Amperometric-Coulorimetric Titration
Cotlove Chloridometer
318
silver ions usually react with chloride ti produce silver chloride
Cotlove Chloridometer
319
relationship of silver ions and Chloride in the amperometric-coulorimetric methd
directly proportional
320
reference range fir chloride in plasma,serum
98-107 mmol/L
321
Refererange for Chloride in Urine (24h)
110-250 mmol/d,varies with diet
322
second most abundant anion in ECF
Bicarbonate
323
Bicarbonate accounts for - of the total CO2 at physiologic pH
>90%
324
inidicative of bicarbonate measurement
Total Carbon Dioxide Measurement
325
major component of the buffering system in the blood
Bicarbonate
326
converts carbon dioxide which reacts with water to form carbonic acid
Carbonic anhydrase
327
85% of bicarbonate in the kidneys are reabsorbed by
PCT
328
15% of bicarbonate in the kidneys are reabsorbed by
DCT
329
causes changes in bicarbonate and CO2 levels
acid imbalance
330
relationship of pH and bicarbonate
directly proportional
331
ph for alkalosis
>7.45
332
ph fot acidosis
<7.45
333
compensatory mechanism for Metabolic Acidosis
Hyperventelation
334
Relationship of paCO2 and PaO2
inversely proportional
335
organ that compensates metabolic acidosis
Lungs
336
compensatory mechanism for Metabolic Alkalosis
Hypoventilation
337
specimen for bicarbonate determination
serum or plasma (lithium heparin)
338
the sample needs to be - until the serum or plasma is separated (bicarbonate determination)
capped
339
what will happen if sample in bicarbonate determination is left uncapped
levels can decrease by 6mmol/L/h
340
2 common methods in bicarbonate determination
ISE and Enzymatic Method
341
in this bicarbonate determination method the pCO2 fuses with electrode
ISE
342
enzyme in the enzymatic reaction for bicarbonate determination
Carboxylate phosphoenolpyruvate
343
coupling enzyme for enzymatic method of bicarbonate determination
Malate dehydrogenase
344
formed when PEP reacts with bicarbonate via enzyme PEP carboxylate
oxaloacetate
345
formed when oxaloacetate reacts with NADH and hydrogen concentration
malate and oxidized form Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide
346
formation of malate and NAD is catalyze by
malate dehydrogenase
347
result for enzymatic reaction in bicarbonate determination
rate of change in the absorbance of NADH is oxidized to NAD is directly proportional to the concentration of bicarbonate in the sample)
