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BIOL184 > Lab 8 > Flashcards

Lab 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Subphyla of Chordata

A

Vertebrata
Cephalochordata
Urochordata

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2
Q

What are the 4 features of Chordata

A
  • Notochord
  • Pharyngeal slits
  • Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  • muscular, postanal tail
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3
Q

what are the 8 clades of vertebrate

A
  • Myxini (hagfish)
    -Petromyzontida (lampreys)
  • Chondrichthyes (Sharks and rays)
  • Actinopterygii (bony, ray-finned fishes)
  • Sarcopterygii (bony, lobe-finned fishes)
  • Amphibia (amphibians)
  • Reptilia (including Aves, birds)
  • Mammalia (mammals)
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4
Q

what are the 6 informal groups of vertebrates

A
  • Cyclostomes: Vertebrates with no jaws but a circular mouth
  • Gnathostomes: vertebrates with jaws
  • Osteichthyans: Vertebrates with mineralized bones
  • Lobe-finned: vertebrates with fleshy limbs
  • Tetrapods: vertebrates with 4 paired limbs
  • Amniotes: vertebrates with an amniotic egg (includes reptiles and mammals)
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5
Q

what are the two groups in Cyclostomes

A

Myxini (hagfish) and Petromyzontida (lampreys)

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6
Q

what are Myxini

A
  • jawless (agnathan)
  • no bones - cartilaginous skeleton
  • rudimentary vertebrae - notochord for support
  • hag fish
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7
Q

What are petromyzontida

A
  • jawless (agnathan)
  • no bones - cartilaginous skeleton
  • notochord surrounded by flexible sheath with projections related to vertebrae
  • most are parasitic
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8
Q

What are Gnathostomes

A
  • “Jaw mouth”
  • Jaws
  • Includes Chondrichthyes and the Osteichthyans
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9
Q

What is Chondrichthyes

A

-Cartilage fish, sharks, rays, chimaeras
- primarily cartilaginous skeleton result of secondary loss of bone
- mineralized bone found in some scales, teeth and vertebrae

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10
Q

what are Osteichthyans

A
  • Bony fish
    -ossified (mineralized) bone
  • lungs (or lung derivative)
  • include: Actinopterygii and the Sarcopterygii
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11
Q

What are Actniopterygii

A
  • Ray finned fish
  • bony rays support fins
  • most familiar fish belong to this group
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12
Q

what are Sarcopterygii

A
  • Lobed fin fish
  • lobed-fins - pectoral and pelvic fins have rod shaped bones surrounded by thick muscle
  • include: Actinistia, Dipnoi, and the tetrapods
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13
Q

What are Actinista

A

Coelacanths
- thought to be extinct
- found in S. Africa 1938

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14
Q

What are Dipnoi

A

Lungfish
Have lungs and gills

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15
Q

What are Tetrapods

A

Vertebrates with four limbs
have digits
Amphibians and amniotes

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16
Q

what are amphibians

A
  • aquatic and terrestrial life stages
  • shell-less egg
  • Urodela (Tailed ones) Salamanders
  • Anura (tail-less ones) frogs and toads
  • Apoda (legless ones) caecilians
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17
Q

what are amniotes and the amniotic egg

A
  • Reptiles and mammals
  • amniotic egg
  • retains water → can be laid in a dry place

Four extraembryonic membranes:

  • amnion: protection
  • allantois: waste disposal
  • chorion (together with allantois): gas exchange
  • Yolk sac: covers yolk (nutrients)
18
Q

what are reptilia

A

-turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, birds
-young born in shelled eggs or live
- dry skin - keratinized scales
- ectothermy and endothermy (birds)

19
Q

what is mammalia

A
  • hair
  • mammary glands
  • endothermy
  • teeth with specialized functions
  • three groups: monotremes, marsupials, eutherians
20
Q

what are pharyngeal fish jaws

A

Many species of fish like the rockfish (Sebastes sp.) have a secondary pair of jaws called Pharyngeal jaws which are used to further process the food and move it from the mouth to the stomach.

21
Q

what are cat collar bones like

A

The collar bones of the house cat Felis catus are different from that of humans. Their clavicle is not attached to the other bones of the body. It allows them to narrow their shoulders and squeeze under closed doors or into small spaces.

22
Q

how do you make a dichotomous key

A

A dichotomous key is used to identify organisms based on a serious of 2-option choices.

  • Paired characteristics must be clearly differentiated
  • Use visible features
  • Use constant rather than variable characteristics
  • Avoid seasonal characteristics or those seen only in the field
  • Use measurements rather than terms like ‘large’ and ‘small’
  • If possible
    • start both choices of a pair with the same word
    • start different pairs of choices with different words
23
Q

what are the synapomorphies of vertebrate

A

The synapomorphies of Vertebrata are

  • Vertebrae, bone or cartilage surrounding the spinal cord
  • Bone and cartilage, connective tissues that do support and protection
  • Myoglobin, coloured protein in muscle that stores oxygen
  • Pineal organ, endocrine gland in the brain that secretes seratonin
24
Q

How are hagfish and lampreys similar

A
  1. Lack of Jaws
    Both hagfishes and lampreys are jawless fish, relying on other mechanisms for feeding
  2. Cartilaginous skeletonBoth species lack true bones and have a skeleton made of cartilage
  3. Absence of ScalesTheir skin is smooth and lacks the scales other fish have
  4. Single nostrilBoth have a single, midline nostril for olfaction
25
Q

compare the habitats of hagfish vs lampreys

A

Hagfish are found in the waters off the coast of the north Pacific.

Sea Lampreys are found in marine environments but spawn in freshwater rivers and streams. They are found in the Atlantic ocean, North American coast, and they also inhabit the eastern North Atlantic and the Baltic, Adriatic, and Mediterranean seas. Freshwater lampreys live in freshwater ecosystems.

26
Q

compare the habits of hagfish vs lampreys

A

Habit refers to the characteristic form or morphology of a species.

Lampreys are primitive, jawless fish with eel-like bodies.

Hagfish are scaleless, soft-skinned creatures with paired thick barbels on the end of the snout.

27
Q

compare the feeding of hagfish vs lampreys

A

There are plenty of parasitic species which feed on the blood and fluids of fish and other species. They attach to a host and use their circular, suction-cup like mouths, lined with sharp teeth and a rasping tongue. They scrape the skin to create a wound and secrete and anticoagulant to prevent clotting.

Non-parasitic adults do not feed

Hagfish slither into dead or dying animals and out their way out, using their rasping tongue to carry food into their funnel-shaped mouths

28
Q

how did jaws evolved

A

Jaws are thought to have evolved from the gill arches, a series of structures in fish that support their gills.

Jaws arose through the simple transformation of an ancestral rostral gill arch.

29
Q

what did paired fins allow early gnathostomes to do

A

Early Gnathostomes also evolved paired fins that allowed them to fine-tune their movements. Help balance the animal, keep it level, and prevent it from rolling. May also help with display, protection, and reproduction.

30
Q

how can you classify fish

A

Fish can be classified as aquatic, anamniotic, gill-bearing vertebrate animals with swimming fins, and a hard skull, but lacking limbs with digits.

31
Q

what are the two subclasses of Chondrichthyes

A

Chondrichthyes have two subclasses: Elasmobranchii includes sharks, rays, skates, and sawfish

Holocephali includes the chimaeras

32
Q

what are chondrichtyans like

A

Chondrichthyans have cartilaginous skeleton, ventrally placed mouth, notochord throughout life, operculum does not cover the gills, absence of an air bladder.
Chondrichtyans vary a lot, some are very flat, some have venom, some are bioluminescent, some are really big, and some are very small, some have teeth, some don’t, some live at the bottom of the ocean, some live in freshwater, etc.

33
Q

what are osteichthhans like morphologically

A

Osteichthyans have a bone skeleton, paired fins, one pair of gill openings, jaws, and paired nostrils.

Both Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii are included in Osteichyans due to their shared characteristics and close evolutionary relation.

34
Q

what traits do Chondrichthyans share with Osteichtyans

A

Osteichthyes shares a few characteristics with Chondrichthyans

They are generally streamlined, have two-chambered hearts, are poikilothermic, and dioecious. And are primarily aquatic, generally have fins, scales, and teeth.

35
Q

what are lobe finned fish like

A

Lobe finned fish differ from ray finned fish as they have fleshy, lobed paired fins, compared to fins supported by thin, elongated bony structures called rays.

The main groups are Actinistia (Coelacanths) and Dipnoi (lungfish) which share the following features:

  • lobed fins supported by a central bony axis
  • Paired fins with musculature
36
Q

what are the key characteristics of vertebrates

A
  • Four limbs with digits (fingers and toes), though some may be modified or lost in certain species
  • Vertebral column that supports the body against gravity
  • Adaptations for breathing air (lungs or modified respiratory systems)
  • Modifications to the skull and jaw for terrestrial feeding
37
Q

what challenges did tetrapods have to deal with while colonizing land

A
  • Support against gravity: Water provided buoyancy, but on land, tetrapods needed stronger bones and muscles to support their body weight
  • Risk of desiccation: Living tissues needed protection from drying out in the air, requiring development of protective skin layers
  • Respiratory adaptations: Gills were ineffective in air, necessitating the evolution of efficient lungs and new breathing mechanisms
  • Reproduction: New strategies were needed for reproduction outside of water, including internal fertilization and protective eggs
  • Locomotion: Movement on land required significant modifications to fins, eventually leading to the development of jointed limbs
  • Sensory adjustments: Different sensory adaptations were needed for detecting prey, predators, and mates in air versus water

These challenges drove major evolutionary innovations in body structure, physiology, and behaviour that characterize modern terrestrial vertebrates.

38
Q

what are 6 ways amphibians differ from other tetrapods

A
  • Dual lifestyle: Most amphibians live both in water and on land during different life stages
  • Metamorphosis: They undergo dramatic changes from aquatic larvae to terrestrial adults
  • Moist skin: Their permeable skin requires them to stay moist and often serves as a supplementary breathing surface
  • Reproduction: Most lay unprotected eggs in water, unlike the amniotic eggs of other tetrapods
  • Temperature regulation: They are ectothermic and have limited ability to regulate body temperature
  • Water dependency: Most species must return to water to reproduce and maintain skin moisture
39
Q

why are amphibians sensitive to the air and water quality

A
  • Permeable skin: Their thin, highly permeable skin readily absorbs chemicals and pollutants from both water and air directly into their bloodstream
  • Dual habitat exposure: Living both in water and on land exposes them to pollutants in multiple environments, doubling their vulnerability
  • Sensitive eggs: Their unprotected, jelly-like eggs are directly exposed to environmental conditions and easily affected by water quality
  • Respiratory dependence: Their ability to breathe through their skin means air pollutants can directly affect their respiratory function
  • Early life vulnerability: Their aquatic larvae (tadpoles) are especially sensitive to water quality changes during critical developmental stages
40
Q

how are reptiles unique

A

Reptiles are distinguished from Amphibians and mammals based on being Amniotes with scales, they are air breathing vertebrates that have internal fertilization and a scaly body.

Birds are considered reptiles as they have scales, lay amniotic eggs, and are descended from reptiles (dinosaurs)

41
Q

what are 6 features which help distinguish mammals from other animals

A
  • Hair/fur: All mammals have hair or fur at some point in their lives, which helps with insulation and sensation
  • Mammary glands: Female mammals produce milk to nourish their young
  • Complex brain: Relatively large brain with a well-developed cerebral cortex
  • Middle ear bones: Three distinct middle ear bones (malleus, incus, stapes) for enhanced hearing
  • Specialized teeth: Different types of teeth (heterodont dentition) adapted for various feeding strategies
  • Diaphragm: A muscular structure that aids in breathing
42
Q

what are the three main groups of mammals

A

There are three main groups of mammals

Monotremes includes platypus, and Echidnas

Marsupials includes kangaroos, Thylacines, koalas, etc

Eutherians include us, whales, elk, etc

BIOL184 (28 decks)

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