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BIOL184 > Animals II: Protostomia: Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa > Flashcards

Animals II: Protostomia: Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa Flashcards

1
Q

What are Bilaterians

A

All animals except Cnidarians, Porifera, and Ctenophora are grouped into a group called the Bilaterians which arose between 680-670 BYA

All Bilaterians have 3 true tissues, and are bilaterally symmetrical

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2
Q

How is Bilateria divided

A

It is further divided into 2 groups

Deuterostomes: Hemichordates, Echinoderms, and Chordates

Protostomes: Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Mollusca, Annelia, Nematoda, Arthropoda

there is also Acoela which is outside the two groups

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3
Q

What are the two clades of Protostomes

A

Of Protostomes there are 2 clades:

  • Lophotrochozoa: Platyhelmintheses, Rotifera, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Mollusca, Annelida
  • Ecdysozoa: Nematod, Arthropoda
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4
Q

What are Lophotrochozoans

A

some Lophotrochozoans have a feeding structure called a lophophore. (Lopho = crest)

while others have a distinct stage called a trochophore larva

(Trocho = wheel)

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5
Q

What are the 3 main groups of Lophotrochozoa

A

3 main groups represent Lophotrochozoa:

  • platyhelminthes: Flatworms
  • Annelida: Segmented worms
  • Mollusca: Mollusks
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6
Q

What are Platyhelminthes

A

Flatworms

Flatworms have free-living and parasitic species

examples include Planaria (adorable little things) Flukes (which cause swimmer’s itch and a bunch of diseases) and tapeworms (which are tapeworms)

Have a flattened unsegmented body

No Coelom

Open circulatory system

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7
Q

What are Annelids

A

Segmented worms

Annelids have a cylindrical and segmented body with a Coelom and Closed Circulatory system

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8
Q

What are the two main groups of Annelids

A

Annelids include two main groups

  • Errantia includes bristle worms, pileworms, scalewormsThey are relatively mobile, many are jawed and predaceous
  • Sedentaria includes tubeworms, earthworms, and leechesThey are relatively immobile (sedentary)
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9
Q

What are the two types of circulatory system

A
  • Open circulatory systems involve a heart pumping a blood like substance Hemolymph through tubes onto various organs, it exists blood vessels and is taken back into the heart. Hemolymph in sinuses surrounding organs
  • Closed circulatory systems involve a heart pumping blood through a series of branching blood vessels which exchange materials with cells. Outside the Vessels is interstitial fluid
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10
Q

What is Mollusca

A

Mollusca includes several groups such as

Gastropoda: Conchs, whelks, winkles, sea slugs, slugs, limpets, snails

Bivalvia: clams, mussels, Oysters

Polyplacophora: Chitons

Cephalopoda: Squids, Octopuses, Cuttlefish, Nautiluses

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11
Q

Describe Mollusk anatomy

A
  • Molluscs have 3 main parts
    • Visceral mass, which is most organs
    • Mantle, the protective top bit
    • Foot, bottom bit, allows movement
  • Aside from Cephalopods they have open circulatory systems
  • and the have a Coelom
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12
Q

What is Ecdysozoa

A

Ecdysozoa includes all Invertebrates which shed their Exoskeleton during growth in the process of Ecdysis (molting)

Includes Nematoda (25,000 species) and Arthropoda (1,000,000 species), along with smaller groups like Loricifera (10 species), Priapula (16 species) Tardigrada (800 species), Onychophora (110 species)

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13
Q

What are Nematods

A

Also known as Round worms

They are unsegmented worms with a flexible exoskeleton

They don’t have a true coelom or circulatory system

They live mostly in Aquatic areas or moist soils; some are important parasites of plants and animals

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14
Q

What are Arthropods

A

Arthropods are an immensely diverse group of Invertebrates

Includes Chelicerates, Myriapodes, Hexapods, and Crustaceans

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15
Q

Describe Arthropod anatomy

A

They have a segmented body with rigid exoskeletons that are highly modified for:

  • protection against physical damage
  • Water retention
  • locomotion
  • feeding and defence (claws and stingers)
  • Sensory organs (antennae)
  • reproduction (external genitalia)

Arthropods possess a reduced coelom and an open circulatory system in which hemolymph is circulated into the spaces surrounding tissues and organs by a heart

A variety of organs were specialized for gas exchange in arthropod evolution

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16
Q

What are Protostomes

A

Protostomia includes Lophotrochoza (Flatworms, segmented worms, and Mollusks) and Ecdysozoa (Arthropods and roundworms)

Flatworms, Annelids, Mollusks, and Arthropods are all protostomes along with round worms, velvet worms, ribbon worms, Bryozoans, brachiopods, rotifers, priapulans, Loriciferans, and Tardigrades

They all have three true tissues, and are bilateral

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17
Q

What is the difference between Protostomes and Deuterostomes

A

In Protostomes the mouth develops from the blastopore before the anus

In deuterostomes the anus develops from the blastopore before the mouth

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18
Q

What does Lophotrochozoans

A

Lophotrochozoans contains Platyhelminthes, rotifera, ectoprocta, brachiopoda, mollusca, and Annelids

19
Q

What are Coeloms and Hemocoels

A

A Coelom is just a cavity that holds the organs and stuff

a Hemocoel is a Pseudocoelom which is a cavity containing the digestive tract, it is not a true coelom but convergently evolved with it

20
Q

What are Gastropods

A

Gastropods include conches, whelks, winkles, slugs, limpets, snails, etc

  • they are slow moving
  • name means stomach foot
  • most have conical shells, some have no shells
21
Q

What are Bivalvia

A

Bivalvia includes clams, mussels, oysters

  • are sessile
  • have paired shells
  • perform suspension feeding
22
Q

What are Polyplacophores

A

Polyplacophora includes chitons

  • shell made of 8 plates/valves
  • slow moving
  • grazers
23
Q

What are Cephalopodes

A

Cephalopoda includes squids, octopi, cuttlefish, and nautiluses

  • closed circulatory system
  • shell typically absent
  • fast moving
  • predators
  • most complex well-developed brains and eyes among invertebrates
24
Q

What is up with cephalopod shells

A
  • Typically absent
  • Squid do have an internal “shell”
  • Nautilus have a shell with internal “septa”
  • Their common ancestor likely had a shell, looked something like a Monoplacopheran
25
Q

what is up with mollusk larva vs adults

A

Larva are cephalized, adults are more or less bilaterial

26
Q

What happened to shelled cephalopods

A
  • Shelled Cephalopods dominated the oceans until mass extinctions wiped them out before the cretaceous
  • ~17,000 extinct species, 800 extant
  • Most important groups of past have no descendants
27
Q

What are Flatworms

A
  • Flatworms = Platyhelminthes
  • mouth on bottom around the centre
  • no Coelem
28
Q

What defines Ecdysozoa

A

Arthropods and Nematods

they molt during growth

Nematodes have a more flexible exoskeleton, but they still molt

Arthropods have a harder exoskeleton and need joints to move

A Hard exoskeleton is bad for growth and movement, but good for living in terrestrial or dry environments

29
Q

What are Myriapoda

A

Myriapoda are terrestrial with largely repreating segments, with a pair of antennae and jaw like mandibles

It includes Millipedes and Centipedes

The likely colonizers of land were probably like this

30
Q

What are Chelicerata

A

Have mouthparts called Cheliceae and typically 4 pairs of legs

Scorpions, spiders, mites, horseshoe crabs

31
Q

What are Trilobites

A
  • common in Cambrian
  • extinct 300 million years after that
  • no living descendants
32
Q

What are insects

A
  • Insects are the largest class of organism
  • they are diverse in form, always have 6 legs
  • 1/2 of Eukaryotes
  • dominant terrestrial life
  • first flying animals, wings emerged from thorax
  • Giant insects were common in the Carboniferous
  • Some insects are essentially a modified appendage originating from a 3rd pair of wings found in “tree hopper”
33
Q

What is Pancrustacea

A

traditionally Insects are treated separatly from Crustaceans, but data suggests they should be within it (called Pancrustacea).

34
Q

What are the two types of Metamorphosis

A

Incomplete Metamorphosis

  • young called nymphs go through a series of molts to reach adulthood
  • most insects

Complete Metamorphosis

  • larval stage like maggots, grules, and caterpillars
  • Still molt
35
Q

What are haplo-diploids

A

Haplo-diploids insects like wasps, bees, and ants have fertilized eggs which make females, multicellular diploids

and Unfertilized eggs which make males, multicellular haploids

36
Q

How have insects affected plants

A

Insects have a lot of influence on plant evolution.

Mobile terrestrial animals, pollination and co-diversification of angiosperms

While insect herbivory also had an affect

37
Q

What are Parasitoids

A

Parasitoid insects (like many wasps) use a host to feed their larva.

Eggs are layed on or in the host which the larvae feed on after hatching. The host is completely consumed

Hyperparasitoids are parasitoids of parasitoids

38
Q

What percent of insects are beetles

A

40% of insects are beetles, which is 25% of animals

39
Q

Where do insects live

A

Insects live pretty much everywhere and fill many ecological niches.
Insects colonize freshwater aquatic habitats

But No Marine Insects

40
Q

What are the three main groups of Crustaceans

A

Decapods - lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and crayfish

Amphipods - Copepods, barnacles, cirripods

Cladocerans - ostracods, stomatopes, isopods

41
Q

What are copepods

A

Copepods are the most abundant along with other planktonic crustaceans make up a massive part of animal biomass in oceans

42
Q

what are isopods

A

Isopods = most diverse (10k species) on land

43
Q

what are stomatops

A

Stomatopods = mantis shrimp, which have 16 colour receptors and punch good

44
Q

what are Cirripods

A

Cirripods = barnacles

BIOL184 (17 decks)

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