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biology lab > lab #8 > Flashcards

lab #8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a molecule found in all cells that stores the genetic information of the cell

A

DNA

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2
Q

exists in all cells and is a copy of the DNA that can be used in protein synthesis

A

RNA

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3
Q

what are polymers composed of nucleotide subunits linked together in a chain, genetic information is encoded in the sequence of the nucleotides?

A

DNA and RNA

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4
Q

what is composed of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group?

A

a nucleotide

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5
Q

what is the five-carbon sugar in DNA?

A

deoxyribose

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6
Q

what is the five-carbon sugar in RNA?

A

ribose

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7
Q

what are adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (DNA only, and uracil (RNA only)?

A

nitrogenous bases

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8
Q

in a nucleotide, what is a phosphate group attached to on the next nucleotide?

A

the sugar group

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9
Q

what can cytosine pair with?

A

guanine

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10
Q

what can adenine pair with?

A

thymine (uracil in RNA)

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11
Q

what is the process where each time a cell divides, it must first make copies of its DNA to pass on to daughter cells?

A

DNA replication

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12
Q

where do the two strands of the double helix separate and unwind?

A

the replication fork

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13
Q

what serves as the templates for the synthesis of new strands?

A

the two parental strands

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14
Q

what are new nucleotides added because of?

A

the sequence of bases on the template strands.

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15
Q

what is the process of using DNA as a template to synthesize RNA?

A

transcription

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16
Q

what attaches to one strand of DNA, the template strand? this is during transcription where this enzyme will move along template strand to synthesize an RNA copy of DNA.

A

RNA polymerase

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17
Q

what is the strand in a DNA molecule that is not used as a template?

A

the coding strand

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18
Q

what must be removed before DNA can be extracted from the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?

A

associated membranes and proteins

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19
Q

what releases DNA in a sodium chloride solution that makes the DNA more readily condense when later exposed to alcohol?

A

cell lysis

20
Q

In the solution, there is something that emulsifies membrane lipids and proteins which keeps them from interacting with DNA?

A

detergent

21
Q
A
22
Q
A
23
Q

what degrades proteins in meat-tenderizer which releases the DNA?

A

protein-digesting enzymes

23
Q

what causes DNA to precipitate while preserving fragile hydrogen bonds, thus preventing damage to the strands?

A

cold ethanol

23
Q

Individuals with different genetic phenotypes may have different sized ______ ______ when the DNA is cut by enzymes.

A

DNA fragments

23
Q

DNA fragments can be separated by size using what?

A

electrophoresis gel

23
Q

what is the electric charge on DNA fragments?

A

negative

24
Q

when DNA fragments are placed in electrophoresis gel, the travel through an electric field toward the ____ pole.

A

positive

24
Q

what floods the gel and allows for the creation of the electric field?

A

electrophoresis buffer

25
Q

what allows the visualization of the location of the DNA fragments in the gel?

A

loading dye

26
Q

what binds to the DNA and will fluoresce under UV light showing the location of DNA fragments?

A

ethidium bromide

27
Q

what does TNF alpha, an important protein, do?

A

helps the body resist disease

28
Q

what is the difference between TNF 1 and TNF 2?

A

TNF 1 is the normal, common gene.

TNF 2 is the abnormality, associated with diminished disease resistance

29
Q

what is the portion of positive cases that the test correctly identifies as positive?

A

sensitivity

30
Q

what is the portion of negative cases that the test correctly identifies as negative?

A

specificity

31
Q

what are the two types of diagnostic tests?

A

molecular and antigen

32
Q

what are antigen tests usually high in?

A

specificity

33
Q

what is the clumping of antigens, occurring when antibodies attach, this often leads to a visible, chemical, or colorimetric reaction that can be interpreted?

A

agglutination

34
Q

what is the deoxynucleotides needed for the PCR process?

A

dNTP mix

35
Q

what contains Taq polymerase, primers, deoxynucleotides, and polymerase buffer solution?

A

the master mix

36
Q

what is a subunit of DNA and RNA that consists of a five-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group?

A

nucleotide

37
Q

what is a fluid containing antibodies?

A

serum/sera

38
Q

what is a DNA polymerase enzyme adapted to working at high temperatures without denaturing?

A

TAQ polymerase

39
Q

what is the PCR machine that heats and cools nucleic acid samples that facilitates replication to amplify the amount of nucleic acid sample?

A

thermocycler

40
Q

what is the solution used to maintain conditions suitable for the activity of the Taq DNA polymerase?

A

10x Taq buffer

biology lab (9 decks)

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