lab #8

Question 1

a molecule found in all cells that stores the genetic information of the cell

Answer 1

DNA

Question 2

exists in all cells and is a copy of the DNA that can be used in protein synthesis

Answer 2

RNA

Question 3

what are polymers composed of nucleotide subunits linked together in a chain, genetic information is encoded in the sequence of the nucleotides?

Answer 3

DNA and RNA

Question 4

what is composed of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group?

Answer 4

a nucleotide

Question 5

what is the five-carbon sugar in DNA?

Answer 5

deoxyribose

Question 6

what is the five-carbon sugar in RNA?

Answer 6

ribose

Question 7

what are adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (DNA only, and uracil (RNA only)?

Answer 7

nitrogenous bases

Question 8

in a nucleotide, what is a phosphate group attached to on the next nucleotide?

Answer 8

the sugar group

Question 9

what can cytosine pair with?

Answer 9

guanine

Question 10

what can adenine pair with?

Answer 10

thymine (uracil in RNA)

Question 11

what is the process where each time a cell divides, it must first make copies of its DNA to pass on to daughter cells?

Answer 11

DNA replication

Question 12

where do the two strands of the double helix separate and unwind?

Answer 12

the replication fork

Question 13

what serves as the templates for the synthesis of new strands?

Answer 13

the two parental strands

Question 14

what are new nucleotides added because of?

Answer 14

the sequence of bases on the template strands.

Question 15

what is the process of using DNA as a template to synthesize RNA?

Answer 15

transcription

Question 16

what attaches to one strand of DNA, the template strand? this is during transcription where this enzyme will move along template strand to synthesize an RNA copy of DNA.

Answer 16

RNA polymerase

Question 17

what is the strand in a DNA molecule that is not used as a template?

Answer 17

the coding strand

Question 18

what must be removed before DNA can be extracted from the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 18

associated membranes and proteins

Question 19

what releases DNA in a sodium chloride solution that makes the DNA more readily condense when later exposed to alcohol?

Answer 19

cell lysis

Question 20

In the solution, there is something that emulsifies membrane lipids and proteins which keeps them from interacting with DNA?

Answer 20

detergent

Question 23

what degrades proteins in meat-tenderizer which releases the DNA?

Answer 23

protein-digesting enzymes

Question 23

what causes DNA to precipitate while preserving fragile hydrogen bonds, thus preventing damage to the strands?

Answer 23

cold ethanol

Question 23

Individuals with different genetic phenotypes may have different sized ______ ______ when the DNA is cut by enzymes.

Answer 23

DNA fragments

Question 23

DNA fragments can be separated by size using what?

Answer 23

electrophoresis gel

Question 23

what is the electric charge on DNA fragments?

Answer 23

negative

Question 24

when DNA fragments are placed in electrophoresis gel, the travel through an electric field toward the ____ pole.

Answer 24

positive

Question 24

what floods the gel and allows for the creation of the electric field?

Answer 24

electrophoresis buffer

Question 25

what allows the visualization of the location of the DNA fragments in the gel?

Answer 25

loading dye

Question 26

what binds to the DNA and will fluoresce under UV light showing the location of DNA fragments?

Answer 26

ethidium bromide

Question 27

what does TNF alpha, an important protein, do?

Answer 27

helps the body resist disease

Question 28

what is the difference between TNF 1 and TNF 2?

Answer 28

TNF 1 is the normal, common gene. TNF 2 is the abnormality, associated with diminished disease resistance

Question 29

what is the portion of positive cases that the test correctly identifies as positive?

Answer 29

sensitivity

Question 30

what is the portion of negative cases that the test correctly identifies as negative?

Answer 30

specificity

Question 31

what are the two types of diagnostic tests?

Answer 31

molecular and antigen

Question 32

what are antigen tests usually high in?

Answer 32

specificity

Question 33

what is the clumping of antigens, occurring when antibodies attach, this often leads to a visible, chemical, or colorimetric reaction that can be interpreted?

Answer 33

agglutination

Question 34

what is the deoxynucleotides needed for the PCR process?

Answer 34

dNTP mix

Question 35

what contains Taq polymerase, primers, deoxynucleotides, and polymerase buffer solution?

Answer 35

the master mix

Question 36

what is a subunit of DNA and RNA that consists of a five-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group?

Answer 36

nucleotide

Question 37

what is a fluid containing antibodies?

Answer 37

serum/sera

Question 38

what is a DNA polymerase enzyme adapted to working at high temperatures without denaturing?

Answer 38

TAQ polymerase

Question 39

what is the PCR machine that heats and cools nucleic acid samples that facilitates replication to amplify the amount of nucleic acid sample?

Answer 39

thermocycler

Question 40

what is the solution used to maintain conditions suitable for the activity of the Taq DNA polymerase?

Answer 40

10x Taq buffer