Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biomedical Lab > Lab 8 > Flashcards

Lab 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Proteins are made of ___ linked by ____

A

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Small amino acid chains are called…..

A

Peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Proteins are formed by ______ or _______

A

Lengthy single amino acid chains or several polypeptide chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Peptides are proteins carry ____ groups on their side chains

A

Charged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two charged groups on peptide and protein side chains?

A

COO- NH3+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Functional proteins have a _____ dimensional structure due to which 4 bonds?

A

3 dimensional
Hydrophobic, ionic, hydrogen, and disulfide bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Most proteins that deal with light use _____ to capture and release ______

A

Exotic molecules to capture and release photons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

____ uses a special sequence of 3 amino acids:

A

GFP
Serine-Tyrosine-Glycine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In the presence of oxygen, what happens to these 3 amino acids?

A

They oxidize to form a fluorescent chromophore in the center of GFP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens when the GFP structure is changed and the chromophore is disrupted?

A

The fluorescence is lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

GFP absorbs ___and ____ light and emits ____ light

A

Absorbs blue and ultraviolet light and emits green light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gene expression refers to…….

A

The entire process from transcription to protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Genes essential for survival are generally expressed _______ (_____)

A

Continuously (constitutive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The expression of most genes is……..

A

Regulated and controlled by other molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gene regulation is a process that…..

A

Allows mRNA and protein synthesis only when and where the encoded protein is required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Give 2 specific examples of gene regulation in the body

A

-myosin in muscles for contracting
-amylase in salivary glands for carbohydrate digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

One method of regulating gene expression is to….

A

Control the synthesis of mRNA (transcription step)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a promoter?

A

A DNA sequence upstream to the coding region of a gene to which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Each gene or set of genes requires its own unique ______

A

Promoter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When a gene is regulated, how is the function of RNA polymerase affected?

A

RNA polymerase cannot initiate transcription unless the regulatory molecules are present or when the inhibitor at the promoter region is released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is responsible for differentiating stem cells to functional specific cells?

A

Regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How are stem cells differentiated into muscle cells??

A

In a stem cell, the protein actin is not present. As a result, the stem cells do not have the muscle phenotype. To become muscle cells, stem cells must express actin. Regulatory molecules are required to initiate actin transcription and differentiate stem cells to muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The regulatory molecule can either bind to the _____ or the ______ or the _____

A

Promoter or to RNA polymerase or to the inhibitor (allows transcription to happen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

in pGLO transformed bacteria, what 2 proteins are required to initiate transcription of the GFP gene?

A

L arabinose and the Ara C protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Gel electrophoresis is a procedure used to……

A

Separate biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, or proteins using a gel matrix agarose or polyacrylamide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In gel electrophoresis, separation depends on….

A

The properties of the gel as well as the molecules to be separated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The gel matrix contains….

A

Uniformly sized pores through which molecules can pass through

28
Q

The size of the pores in a gel matrix depends on…..

A

The gel material

29
Q

What determines the size of the pores?

A

Gel concentration

30
Q

Polyacrylamide is generally used to separate ___ which are generally much ____ than DNA and RNA

A

Proteins which are generally much smaller than DNA and RNA

31
Q

What is the MOST IMPORTANT factor for migrating through the gel matrix?

A

Size of the molecules

32
Q

Which migrates more slowly - larger molecules or smaller molecules?

A

Larger molecules

33
Q

The protein sample is mixed with ___ and loaded in _____

A

Mixed with a sample loading buffer and loaded in wells

34
Q

The loading buffer is a concentrate containing __ and ___

A

A tracking dye and glycerol

35
Q

The colored (blue) tracking die has a very low….

A

Molecular weight

36
Q

What is the purpose of the glycerol?

A

Increases the density of the sample to make it fall easily into the wells and prevent it from floating away

37
Q

What is used to determine the size of the proteins in the samples?

A

A protein molecular marker of known sizes

38
Q

What are the 2 driving forces of gel electrophoresis?

A

Electric current
Charge

39
Q

Why is electrical current imperative in terms of gel electrophoresis?

A

Molecules require electrical current to migrate through the gel pores

40
Q

CHARGE
When a current is applied, positive molecules (cations) will move to the ____ (____ electrode) while negative molecules (anions) will move to the _____ electrode (____)

A

Cations will move to the cathode (negative electrode)
Anions will move to the positive electrode (anode)

41
Q

Molecules of the same size but different ___ will differ in migration

A

Charges

42
Q

To separate molecules by size only, all the molecules must have a similar ______

A

Charge

43
Q

Why is water not used for preparing gels or used as a running solution ?

A

It is not a good conductor of electricity

44
Q

Running buffer has the _____ which ensure the conductance of electricity through the gel

A

Electrolytes

45
Q

What are the 3 major techniques used to analyze and purify proteins???

A

-SDS page electrophoresis
-centrifugation
-chromatography

46
Q

In SDS page electrophoresis, the matrix is made up of….

A

Acrylamide polymer

47
Q

By controlling the percentage (____ to _____) of acrylamide polymer……..

A

3%-30%
Precise pore sizes can be obtained to separate proteins form 5kDa-2000kDa

48
Q

Laemmli buffer is designed to…..

A

Dissociate proteins into individual polypeptide subunits

49
Q

What does SDS stand for in SDS page electrophoresis?

A

Sodium dodecyl sulfate

50
Q

SDS is an…..

A

Ionic detergent which denatures protein complexes by wrapping around the polypeptide backbone

51
Q

What does DTT stand for?

A

Dithiothreitol

52
Q

DTT is a….

A

Thiol reagent that cleaves disulfide bonds

53
Q

What happens when a protein sample is heated in presence of DTT and excess of SDS?

A

Proteins are FULLY dissociated into their subunits

54
Q

____ provides the force for migration in SDS page electrophoresis

A

Electric current

55
Q

The gel is run in a running buffer containing ___ and ____

A

Electrolytes and SDS(to mask charges)

56
Q

Once the individual proteins are separated, the gel is stained with….

A

Coomassie blue ( GelCode Blue) to visualize the protein bands

57
Q

Name the 5 components of the Lammeli sample buffer with DTT

A

SDS
Bromophenol blue
Glycerol
Tris pH 8
DTT

58
Q

The total protein is assayed using….

A

Reddish brown Coomassie blue dye

59
Q

_______ amino acid residues in the protein interact with Coomassie blue dye

A

Nonpolar

60
Q

The protein-dye complex causes a…..

A

Shift in the dye absorption maximum, from 465nm to 595nm to give a blue color

61
Q

The intensity of the blue color is proportional to…

A

The protein concentration within a short linear range

62
Q

The Bradford reagent gives….

A

Linear response from 1-140 micrograms

63
Q

____ is commonly used for generating the standard curve

A

BSA (Bovine Serine Albumin)

64
Q

How are the protein bands observed?

A

They’re stained with a dye (in this lab = GelCode blue)

65
Q

GelCode blue stain is a proprietary ___ stain

A

COOMASSIE BLUE BASED STAIN

66
Q

The GelCode blue also stains the…

A

Gel

Biomedical Lab (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions