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Biomedical Lab > Lab 4 > Flashcards

Lab 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions

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2
Q

What are substrates??

A

The substances upon which enzymes may act

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3
Q

An enzyme binds to its substrate to form a ________

A

enzyme substrate complex

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4
Q

While in the enzyme substrate complex, what happens to the substrate?

A

Substrate gets converted into a new substance known as the product

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5
Q

While converting the substrate to the product, does the enzyme itself undergo any permanent chemical change??

A

NO

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6
Q

What happens to the activation energy during the formation of the substrate to the product??

A

Activation energy is lowered. The molecular groups are brought closer together to assist in product formation

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7
Q

Enzymes do what to a reaction??

A

Speed it up

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8
Q

Could most reactions take place WITHOUT enzymes??

A

YES, but they’re too slow for function

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9
Q

What are the 6 major classes of enzymes??

A
  1. Oxidoreductases
  2. Transferases
  3. Hydrolases
  4. Lyases
  5. Isomerases
  6. Ligases
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10
Q

What do oxidoreductases do??

A

Carry out oxidation reduction reactions

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11
Q

What do transferases do??

A

Transfer functional groups

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12
Q

What do hydrolases do?

A

Carry out hydrolysis reactions

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13
Q

What do lyases do?

A

Eliminate groups to form double bonds

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14
Q

What do isomerases do?

A

rearrange the bonds in a molecule but DO NOT ADD OR REMOVE ATOMS

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15
Q

What do ligases do??

A

Form bonds in reactions coupled to ATP hydrolysis

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16
Q

What is the place on the enzyme that has a unique shape to fit the substrate and form the complex???

A

Active site

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17
Q

Can any substrate interact with the active site of an enzyme??

A

NO - only specific substrates will complex with the enzyme

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18
Q

What 3 molecules are made entirely of glucose??

A

Starch, glycogen, and cellulose

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19
Q

Starch is linked by……?

A

alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds

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20
Q

Cellulose is linked by…?

A

beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds

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21
Q

Glycogen is linked by…..?

A

alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds

22
Q

alpha 1,4 linkages in starch is the substrate for _______

A

alpha amylase

23
Q

Glycogen is the biological substrate for…?

A

NOTHING. It is an extracellular substrate for the amylase enzyme

24
Q

Are starch 1,6 glycosidic bonds also a substrate for amylase?

A

NO

25
Q

The specificity of an enzyme is relative to ______

A

the reactions they catalyze

26
Q

Most biological enzymes act on molecules with the functional groups _____ and _____

A

hydroxyl and phosphate

27
Q

Enzymes can be classified by,,?

A

The kind of chemical reaction catalyzed

28
Q

Activity of an enzyme depends on a range of factors such as …?

A
  1. Enzyme source and concentration
  2. Substrate and substrate concentration
  3. Temperature
  4. pH
29
Q

How is enzyme activity expressed?

A

in units. One unit of enzyme will form a product (mgs or mMols) from its substrate in unit time (minutes) at specified TEMPERATURE AND PH)

30
Q

Enzymes ISOLATED from humans are most active at an optimal temperature of _____

A

30-40 degrees celsius

31
Q

IN GENERAL, the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction _______ with temperature

A

increases

32
Q

Animal enzymes rapidly become denatured at….. (temperature)

A

above 40 degrees celsius

33
Q

Enzymes from thermophilic bacteria are active at …? (temperature)

A

High temperatures - 45 degrees celsius or more

34
Q

What is the term for organisms who have enzymes that work efficiently at low temperatures??

A

Psychrophilic organisms

35
Q

What is the optimum pH of pancreatic amyalse?

A

7.5-8.5

36
Q

What is the optimum pH of salivary amylase??

A

6.8 (slightly acidic)

37
Q

Extremely high or low pH values generally result in _______

A

complete loss of activity for most enzymes

38
Q

In the human body, where are the enzymes located that require a very acidic pH to function??

A

lower stomach, lysosomes

39
Q

How is optimal pH determined?

A

pH at which the active site R groups are protonated/deprotonated such that the substrate can enter the active site

40
Q

Amylases are a group of enzymes that hydrolyze _______

A

starch

41
Q

In humans, alpha amylase is secreted by the _____ and _______

A

pancreas and salivary glands

42
Q

The main function of amylase is to hydrolyze the ________bonds in ______ molecules, converting _____ to _______

A

hydrolyze the alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds in starch molecules, converting complex carbohydrates to simple sugars.

43
Q

The hydrolysis of starch by amylase can be visualized using ______

A

iodine

44
Q

Hydrolyzed starch will be what color with iodine??? why???

A

YELLOW. No complex was formed

45
Q

When starch and iodine react to form an iodine complex, what color is observed?

A

BLUE

46
Q

In this experiment, temperature is maintained using ______ and _____

A

water bath and heat blocks

47
Q

A heat block consists of…?

A

aluminum blocks that provide rapid and even heating. Prone to heat fluctuation

48
Q

What is the formula when the observed color is blue?

A

Starch + iodine —-> iodine complex

49
Q

What is the formula when the observed color is yellow?

A

Starch + alpha amylase —> maltose + iodine

50
Q

Why is the data measured under defined conditions?

A

So that activity can be compared between controls and samples

51
Q

What are enzymes? What are the factors affecting enzyme activity?

A

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions. Factors affecting enzyme activity are temperature, pH, and concentration of the substrate and enzyme.

52
Q

What are the optimal conditions (in terms of temperature and pH) for maximum alpha amylase activity?

A

30-40 degrees celsius
pH 7-8

Biomedical Lab (10 decks)

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