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Biomedical Lab > Lab 4 > Flashcards

Lab 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions

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2
Q

What are substrates??

A

The substances upon which enzymes may act

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3
Q

An enzyme binds to its substrate to form a ________

A

enzyme substrate complex

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4
Q

While in the enzyme substrate complex, what happens to the substrate?

A

Substrate gets converted into a new substance known as the product

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5
Q

While converting the substrate to the product, does the enzyme itself undergo any permanent chemical change??

A

NO

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6
Q

What happens to the activation energy during the formation of the substrate to the product??

A

Activation energy is lowered. The molecular groups are brought closer together to assist in product formation

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7
Q

Enzymes do what to a reaction??

A

Speed it up

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8
Q

Could most reactions take place WITHOUT enzymes??

A

YES, but they’re too slow for function

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9
Q

What are the 6 major classes of enzymes??

A
  1. Oxidoreductases
  2. Transferases
  3. Hydrolases
  4. Lyases
  5. Isomerases
  6. Ligases
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10
Q

What do oxidoreductases do??

A

Carry out oxidation reduction reactions

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11
Q

What do transferases do??

A

Transfer functional groups

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12
Q

What do hydrolases do?

A

Carry out hydrolysis reactions

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13
Q

What do lyases do?

A

Eliminate groups to form double bonds

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14
Q

What do isomerases do?

A

rearrange the bonds in a molecule but DO NOT ADD OR REMOVE ATOMS

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15
Q

What do ligases do??

A

Form bonds in reactions coupled to ATP hydrolysis

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16
Q

What is the place on the enzyme that has a unique shape to fit the substrate and form the complex???

A

Active site

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17
Q

Can any substrate interact with the active site of an enzyme??

A

NO - only specific substrates will complex with the enzyme

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18
Q

What 3 molecules are made entirely of glucose??

A

Starch, glycogen, and cellulose

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19
Q

Starch is linked by……?

A

alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds

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20
Q

Cellulose is linked by…?

A

beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds

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21
Q

Glycogen is linked by…..?

A

alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds

22
Q

alpha 1,4 linkages in starch is the substrate for _______

A

alpha amylase

23
Q

Glycogen is the biological substrate for…?

A

NOTHING. It is an extracellular substrate for the amylase enzyme

24
Q

Are starch 1,6 glycosidic bonds also a substrate for amylase?

25
The specificity of an enzyme is relative to ______
the reactions they catalyze
26
Most biological enzymes act on molecules with the functional groups _____ and _____
hydroxyl and phosphate
27
Enzymes can be classified by,,?
The kind of chemical reaction catalyzed
28
Activity of an enzyme depends on a range of factors such as ...?
1. Enzyme source and concentration 2. Substrate and substrate concentration 3. Temperature 4. pH
29
How is enzyme activity expressed?
in units. One unit of enzyme will form a product (mgs or mMols) from its substrate in unit time (minutes) at specified TEMPERATURE AND PH)
30
Enzymes ISOLATED from humans are most active at an optimal temperature of _____
30-40 degrees celsius
31
IN GENERAL, the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction _______ with temperature
increases
32
Animal enzymes rapidly become denatured at..... (temperature)
above 40 degrees celsius
33
Enzymes from thermophilic bacteria are active at ...? (temperature)
High temperatures - 45 degrees celsius or more
34
What is the term for organisms who have enzymes that work efficiently at low temperatures??
Psychrophilic organisms
35
What is the optimum pH of pancreatic amyalse?
7.5-8.5
36
What is the optimum pH of salivary amylase??
6.8 (slightly acidic)
37
Extremely high or low pH values generally result in _______
complete loss of activity for most enzymes
38
In the human body, where are the enzymes located that require a very acidic pH to function??
lower stomach, lysosomes
39
How is optimal pH determined?
pH at which the active site R groups are protonated/deprotonated such that the substrate can enter the active site
40
Amylases are a group of enzymes that hydrolyze _______
starch
41
In humans, alpha amylase is secreted by the _____ and _______
pancreas and salivary glands
42
The main function of amylase is to hydrolyze the ________bonds in ______ molecules, converting _____ to _______
hydrolyze the alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds in starch molecules, converting complex carbohydrates to simple sugars.
43
The hydrolysis of starch by amylase can be visualized using ______
iodine
44
Hydrolyzed starch will be what color with iodine??? why???
YELLOW. No complex was formed
45
When starch and iodine react to form an iodine complex, what color is observed?
BLUE
46
In this experiment, temperature is maintained using ______ and _____
water bath and heat blocks
47
A heat block consists of...?
aluminum blocks that provide rapid and even heating. Prone to heat fluctuation
48
What is the formula when the observed color is blue?
Starch + iodine ----> iodine complex
49
What is the formula when the observed color is yellow?
Starch + alpha amylase ---> maltose + iodine
50
Why is the data measured under defined conditions?
So that activity can be compared between controls and samples
51
What are enzymes? What are the factors affecting enzyme activity?
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions. Factors affecting enzyme activity are temperature, pH, and concentration of the substrate and enzyme.
52
What are the optimal conditions (in terms of temperature and pH) for maximum alpha amylase activity?
30-40 degrees celsius pH 7-8

Biomedical Lab (10 decks)

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