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Bio 202 Lab Exam 2 > Lab 7. Amphibia and Reptilia > Flashcards

Lab 7. Amphibia and Reptilia Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Amniotes

A

Produce amniotic eggs. Reptiles, aves, mammalia

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2
Q

All tetrapods belong to what class

A

Class sarcopterygii

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3
Q

3 orders of Amphibia (Lissamphibia)

A
  1. Order gymnophiona
  2. Order Caudata
  3. Order Anura
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4
Q

Order gymnophiona includes what

A

Caecilians (limbless, burrowing, almost blind)

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5
Q

Order caudata includes what

A

Salamanders and newts

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6
Q

Order anura/salienta includes what

A

frogs and toads

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7
Q

4 orders of reptilia

A
  1. Order testudines
  2. Order crocodylia
  3. Order Sphenodontida
  4. Order Squamata
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8
Q

Order testudines includes what

A

Turtles

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9
Q

Order crocodylia includes what

A

Crocodiles, alligators, caimans, gavials

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10
Q

Order sphenodontida includes what

A

tuataras (primitive, lizard-like reptiles)

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11
Q

Order squamata includes what

A

Snakes and lizards

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12
Q

Amphibia integument

A
  • Thin, moist skin
  • No scales except some caecilians
  • Glands secrete moisture-maintaining substances
  • Susceptible to desiccation
  • Role in respiration
  • Some = noxious/toxic compounds
  • Cryptic, aposematic and mimicry colouration.
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13
Q

Cryptic colouration

A

Camouflage

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14
Q

Aposematic colouration

A

Colours indicating unpalatable prey

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15
Q

Mimicry colouration

A

Harmless prey imitates appearance of dangerous one

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16
Q

Reptile integument

A
  • Thick, dry, covered in scales
  • Scales formed by keratin in epidermis
  • Undergo ecdysis
  • Cryptic, aposematic and mimicry colouration
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17
Q

Turtle integument

A
  • Shell
  • Upper section = Carapace, lower = plastron
  • Scutes cover both
  • Skin is shed but shell stays in place. Concentric rings show growth
18
Q

Frog locomotion and support

A
  • As larvae: fusiform and laterally compressed tails for swimming
  • Adults, many advances for life on land
  • Skeletons substantial for support against gravity, flexible for locomotion
  • Elongation of appendages, modification of vertebral column and pelvic girdles
  • Fusion of many bones
  • Skull is thin, light, and attached to neck
19
Q

Reptile locomotion and support

A
  • Very variable
  • More ossification of skeleton for greater support
  • Extra cervical vertebrae for freedom of movement of head
  • Some appendages tucked in
  • Bipedalism (can use front limbs for things other than movement)
  • All (including birds, excluding turtles) are diapsid skulls (2 openings) turtles lack the openings.
20
Q

Amphibian food acquisition and digestion (specifically anurans)

A
  • larvae = herbivores
  • all adults=carnivores mainly for invertebrates
  • jaw allows them to crush prey held in mouths
  • locate prey by sight and sit and wait strategy
  • Specialized tongue hat folds back over floor of mouth. Flicks it out and entraps prey, flicks it back inside of mouth. Eyes sink down to force food down esophagus
21
Q

Reptile food acquisition and digestion

A
  • Eat arthropods
  • All, except some turtles, are carnivores
  • Turtles have heavily keratinized beak and strong neck mscles instead of teeth
  • Snakes jaws and skull bones are only loosely joined so can expand lots. Also venomous fangs
22
Q

Amphibian respiration

A
  • Aquatic+larval=external gills that are reabsorbed in metamorphosis
  • Adults= cutaneous. Can occur in water or on land if skin is moist
  • Pulmonary resp = supplements cutaneous respiration
  • Buccal pump generates positive pressure to ventilate lungs
  • When weather is warm = pulmonary is most of respiration
  • When temp is low, most is cutaneous.
  • When hibernating in mud, gas exchange is exclusively cutaneous and blood flow to lungs is restricted
23
Q

Reptile respirationi

A
  • pull air into lungs with negative pressure
  • Turtles rely on muscular contractions, the rest use movement of ribs and body wall expansion
  • Can restrict blood flow to lungs when pulmonary resp not possible (like turtles in shells or diving underwater)
  • Some turtles can do bimodal breathing
24
Q

Circulation in tetrapods and lungfishes

A
  • double circulation
    1. pulmonary system=blood through capillary bed of lungs to collect O2
    2. Systemic system=delivers blood to body
25
Q

Anurans circulation

A
  • 2 atria and 1 ventricle, but very little mixing between O2 and no O2 blood
  • Cutaneous respiration and can restrict blood flowing through pulmonary circuit
26
Q

Reptile circulation

A
  • 2 divided atria, 1 partially divided ventricle (fully divided in crocodilians)
  • partial opening means they can partially circumvent pulmonary circuit
27
Q

Amphibian excretion

A
  • larvae + aquatic = ammonia
  • land = urea
  • mesonephric kidneys = large quantities of dilute urine when in water adn conserve ions
  • behaviour prevents water loss (foraging at night, returning to water during day)
28
Q

ammonia

A

energetically inexpensive but requires lots of water to excrete

29
Q

Urea

A

requires less water to excrete and can be stored in urinary bladder for a while

30
Q

Reptile excretion

A
  • metanephric kidney = filter large quantities of blood and produce waste with little water loss
  • Uric acid (except turtles which do everything)
  • Integument is impermeable so no evaporative water loss
31
Q

Sensory abilities of amphibians

A
  • Skin is sensitive
  • Larvae have lateral line system
  • Chemoreception (nasal epithelium, mouth, tongue and skin)
  • Olfaction = important for mate recognition, detection of noxious substances and prey capture
  • Sight important for prey location
  • Large optic lobes
  • Auditory system adapted for land (tympanic membrane, middle ear and inner ear), important for mate location
32
Q

Reptile sensory abilities

A
  • Sight and smell are important so brain regions are big
  • Cerebellum is bigger due to better refined motor movement
  • Ears are varied, some rely on substrate vibrations
  • Sea turtles can sense earth’s magnetic field
33
Q

Amphibian reproduction

A
  • External fertilization (except salamanders and caecilians)
  • oviparous and ovoviviparity (some derived viviparity)
  • metamorphosis,
  • differing larval and adult forms reduces competition
  • some have parental care
34
Q

Reptile reproduction

A
  • amniotic egg (completed transition to land)
  • oviparous
  • some extensive parental care like alligators
35
Q

Amniotic egg 4 parts

A
  1. Amnion
  2. Chorion
  3. Allantois
  4. Yolk
36
Q

Amnion

A

Filled with fluids, surrounds embryo. Protection from desiccation and shock

37
Q

Chorion

A

highly vascularized membrane for efficient gas exchange

38
Q

Allantois

A

Stores waste products from embryo

39
Q

Yolk

A

nourishes embryo throughout development

40
Q

Frog skeletal adaptations for jumping

A

Compressed vertebral column
Urostyle (fused vertebrae at base of vertebral column)
Radioulna
Tibiofibula
Elongated proximal tarsal bones (calcanium and talus)

Bio 202 Lab Exam 2 (5 decks)

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