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Pharmacy Informatics > Lab 7, 8, 9_3rd Shifting > Flashcards

Lab 7, 8, 9_3rd Shifting Flashcards

1
Q

other name for Cross-Sectional Studies

A

prevalence studies

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2
Q

Cross-Sectional Studies can be thought of as a ____________ because data are collected and
evaluated at a single point in time

A

snapshot (or slice) of time

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3
Q

Cross-Sectional Studies can be thought of as a snapshot (or slice) of time because data are collected and
evaluated at a __________ in time

A

single point

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4
Q

Cross-Sectional Studies this study design is more of a ________

A

hypothesis generating

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5
Q

Cross-Sectional Studies are not suited for testing the _________

A

effectiveness of interventions

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6
Q

Cross-Sectional Studies are more hypothesis (generating/testing)

A

generating

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7
Q

most often used descriptively to capture information about a population (eg. disease prevalence)

A

Cross-Sectional Studies

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8
Q

may also be used to examine associations between an independent (exposure) and a dependent (outcome) variable

A

Cross-Sectional Studies

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9
Q

causality between an exposure and outcome (can/cannot) be established from a cross-sectional study.

A

cannot

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10
Q

T/F

Cross-Sectional Studies are quick and easy to perform

A

T

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11
Q

it is useful for measuring current health status or setting priorities for
disease control

A

Cross-Sectional Studies

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12
Q

a survey of smokers is ___________ (type of study) when the questionnaire is administered once, even though the questions contained in the survey may focus on smoking habits over the past 10 years

A

cross-sectional

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13
Q

standardized questionnaire used to describe a population at a given
point in time

A

Surveys

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14
Q

study design Generally conducted to characterize a population

A

Surveys

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15
Q

instruments used for Cross-Sectional Studies

A

Questionnaire (eg. Answer a census or through mail), telephone call, Surveys

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16
Q

Cross-Sectional Studies: steps in study design

A
  1. Identifying target population
  2. Select individuals from population to complete questionnaire
  3. Data collection
  4. Analysis
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17
Q

population with desired clinical and demographic characteristics that will ultimately benefit from generalization of the study findings.

A

target population

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18
Q

refers to the extent to which observations in the study population extrapolates to the overall population of interest.

A

Generalizability

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19
Q

process of selecting a subset of the target population to conduct a study

A

Sampling

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20
Q

eg. Random sampling, stratified random sampling using characteristics such as age or gender, convenience sampling

A

Sampling

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21
Q

Data collection: Prescription records
retrospective or prospective?

A

Retrospective

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22
Q

Data collection: Survey
retrospective or prospective?

A

prospective

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23
Q

Analysis is purely descriptive

A

Cross-Sectional Studies

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24
Q

Analysis
* Purely descriptive
* summarizing the characteristics of the population using means and percentages

A

Cross-Sectional Studies

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25
Q

Analysis
* sometimes a researcher may examine an association between two variables collected during the same cross-section in time.

A

Cross-Sectional Studies

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26
Q

“analytical cross-sectional studies” have no potential biases that should be considered by researchers and this type of analysis should be interpreted freely.

A

false
have no potential –> have potential
freely –> cautiously

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27
Q

Efficient means of capturing descriptive information about a population at a given point in time

A

Cross-Sectional Studies

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28
Q

Limitations: bias on sampling and temporality, may not give generalizations

A

Cross-Sectional Studies

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29
Q

data that is collected sequentially from the same respondents over time

A

longitudinal data

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30
Q

CONCERNS:
* problems are errors in data collection and transient effects that may influence observations

A

Cross-Sectional Studies

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31
Q

are those responses that are affected by event, feeling or other circumstance that happened prior to data collection; it may not reflect actual responses when taken in a different time.

A

transient effect

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32
Q

CONCERNS:
inaccuracies in data collection may go unnoticed because there are no prior data for comparison

A

Cross-Sectional Studies

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33
Q

these designs can observational or interventional reports.

A

(1) Case studies, (2) Case reports, and (3) Case series

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34
Q

It describes a patient’s or patient group’s exposure to a drug or intervention and can be valuable to record preliminary findings that lead to further study.

A

(1) Case studies, (2) Case reports, and (3) Case series

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35
Q

key characteristic to these reports is the lack of a control or comparison group

A

(1) Case studies, (2) Case reports, and (3) Case series

36
Q

a record of descriptive research that documents a practitioner’s experiences, thoughts, or observations related to the care of a single patient

A

Case study

37
Q

a descriptive record of a single individual (case report) in which the possibility of an association between an observed effect and a specific intervention or exposure (often an unexpected complication of treatment or procedure) based on detailed clinical evaluation and history of the individual

A

Case report

38
Q

a group of records (case studies) that documents a practitioner’s experiences, thoughts, or observations related to the care of multiple patients with similar medical situations

A

Case series

39
Q

Uses information obtained from a select members of the population, analyzes the responses, and the draws conclusions applicable back to the same population.

A

Survey Research

40
Q

It can be considered as either descriptive (such as opinions and attitudes) or explanatory (such as explaining a cause and effect) in nature.

A

Survey Research

41
Q

The validity of the results depends on the quality of the study’s internal rigor (methodology).

A

Survey Research

42
Q

the validity of the results from Survey Research depends on the quality of the study’s __________.

A

internal rigor (methodology)

43
Q

study the incidence, distribution, and relationships of sociologic and
psychological variables.

A

Survey Research

44
Q

collect information from a sample and generalize the findings to a larger,
target population.

A

Survey Research

45
Q

identify, assess, and compare respondents’ ideas, feelings, plans, beliefs,
and demographics.

A

Survey Research

46
Q

determine how health care programs should be implemented by utilizing
the opinions of experts with experience in a particular area.

A

Survey Research

47
Q

study effectiveness of a program by surveying individuals who
have used its services.

A

Survey Research

48
Q

understand attitudes and behaviors of patients or members of the profession the program affects.

A

Survey Research

49
Q

types of survey research

A

Descriptive surveys, Explanatory surveys

50
Q

Survey Research Types

attempt to identify psychosocial variables such as attitudes, opinions, knowledge, and behaviors in a population

A

Descriptive surveys

51
Q

Survey Research Types

attempt to explain causal relationships between variables

A

Explanatory surveys

52
Q

Types of Data Collected in survey research

A

incidence, attitudinal, knowledge, behavior measurements

53
Q

Types of Data Collected in survey research:

try to determine the occurrence of events without drawing any relationships between variables

A

Incidence

54
Q

Types of Data Collected in survey research:

morbidity or mortality data, manpower data

A

Incidence

55
Q

Types of Data Collected in survey research:

try to compare this dependent variable with independent variables such as age, education, or salary

A

Attitudinal

56
Q

Types of Data Collected in survey research:

job satisfaction surveys

A

Attitudinal

57
Q

Types of Data Collected in survey research:

attempt to document a person’s knowledge or understanding about a specific topic

A

Knowledge

58
Q

Types of Data Collected in survey research:

physician’s knowledge of retail prices of medications

A

Knowledge

59
Q

Types of Data Collected in survey research:

pharmacist’s knowledge of state pharmacy laws

A

Knowledge

60
Q

Types of Data Collected in survey research:

documents what a person actually does in a particular situation rather
than asking him or her in a survey, which may reflect an attitude, rather than the actual observed behavior

A

Behavior measurements

61
Q

Data collection:
* it can be performed using questionnaires, examination of historical
records, telephone interviews, face-to-face interviews, web-based questionnaires, focus groups, or panel interviews.

A

Survey Research

62
Q

Characteristics of well-conducted survey

A
  • objective and carefully planned
  • data are quantifiable
  • subjects surveyed are representative of the target population
63
Q

Errors affecting Precision and Accuracy of survey research (4)

A

1.Coverage Error
2.Sampling Error
3.Measurement error
4.Nonresponse Error

64
Q

Errors affecting Precision and Accuracy:
a bias in a statistic that occurs when the target population you want to survey does not coincide with the sample population that is actually surveyed

A

Coverage Error

65
Q

Errors affecting Precision and Accuracy:
can compromise the ability to generalize study results

A

Coverage Error

66
Q

Errors affecting Precision and Accuracy:
refers to the difference between the estimate derived from a sample survey and the true value that would result if a census of the entire target population were taken under the same conditions

A

Sampling Error

67
Q

Errors affecting Precision and Accuracy:
occurs when the researcher surveys only a subset (sample) of all possible subjects within the population of interest

A

Sampling Error

68
Q

Errors affecting Precision and Accuracy:
occurs when the collection of data is influenced by the interviewer or when the survey item itself is unclear from the respondent’s point of view

A

Measurement error

69
Q

Errors affecting Precision and Accuracy:
occurs when a significant number of subjects in a sample do not respond to the survey

A

Nonresponse Error

70
Q

Errors affecting Precision and Accuracy:
bias can result in surveys, where the answers of respondents differ from the potential answers of those who did not answer

A

Nonresponse Error

71
Q

Errors affecting Precision and Accuracy:
strive for response rates in the _______ range

A

80% to 90%

72
Q

Evaluation of Survey:
there must be attempts to assess validity and reliability of the survey and efforts made to validate factual data

A

Factual Data and Internal Validity

73
Q

T/F
asking more than one question about a concept can increase the external validity of a survey

A

F
external –> internal

74
Q

purpose of Cronbach alpha or similar statistical tests in evaluation of survey

A

Factual Data and Internal Validity:

measures correlation between items should be calculated and the
coefficient factor(s) reported in the article; CONSISTENCY

75
Q

minimum valid coefficient score in Cronbach alpha

A

0.8

76
Q

Evaluation of Survey:
_________ section should report sample size, along with a description of how it was determined

A

methods

77
Q

___________ computation provides the minimum number of individuals that needs to be sampled from the population

A

sample size

78
Q

appropriate sample size will give sufficient _________ to demonstrate a difference between two groups

A

statistical power

79
Q

describes the population from where actuals samples will be drawn from for the survey respondents

A

Sample Frame

80
Q

T/F
a sample is comprehensive if all members of a population had a chance to be chosen and no one was systematically excluded

A

true

81
Q

Evaluation of Survey:

methods section should supply the reader with enough information to ensure that nonresponse error was assessed and measures were taken to control the possible errors

A

Sampling Strategy and Response Rates

82
Q

T/F
authors should relate as less information about non-responders as possible i.e., reasons for non-response or non-participations.

A

F
less –> more

83
Q

Evaluation of Survey:
assess the reliability i.e., can the results of the survey be repeated by another investigator and present the results of reliability estimates.

A

Survey Instrument Reliability

84
Q

an assessment of a questionnaire made before full-scale implementation to identify and correct problems such as faulty questions, flawed response options, or interviewer training deficiencies

A

pretest or pilot test

85
Q

Review articles are classified as _______ literature

A

tertiary

86
Q
A

Pharmacy Informatics (4 decks)

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