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Pharmacy Practice Lab II > Lab 7 > Flashcards

Lab 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Increasingly, drug products are designed to deliver drugs via ____

A

The skin

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2
Q

Name 3 factors that must be considered when selecting the base/vehicle for topical products

A

Occlusiveness
Moisturization
Permeability properties

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3
Q

Name 2 diseases that lead to dry skin and a defective skin barrier

A

Atopic dermatitis and eczema

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4
Q

What is essential for the stratum corneum to maintain its flexibility and texture, as well as local enzyme activity ?

A

Moisture

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5
Q

How can transepidermal water loss be reduced?

A

Occlusives and emollients (petroleum and silicone products, vegetable oils and animal fats) penetrate into the intercellular spaces of the stratum corneum which seals it and reduces water loss

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6
Q

Humectants are ____ soluble osmotics that rapidly penetrate the skin to increase its water content

A

Water soluble (glycerin, propylene glycol)

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7
Q

When preparing topical products, are preservatives included ?

A

Yes - to prevent microbial growth especially when natural ingredients are used

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8
Q

____ and ____ are used to improve appeal and for cosmetic purposes

A

Fragrances and pigments

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9
Q

Name 4 ingredients that help to remove dead cells and keep the skin smoother and softer

A

Urea, lactic acid, citric acid, glycolic acid

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10
Q

D-panthenol is used to improve ——-

A

Moisturization

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11
Q

Define topical preparations

A

Preparations for external use applied to the skin or their mucous membranes and designed for their LOCAL OR SYSTEMIC effects

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12
Q

Ointment bases are commonly classified into ____ classes based on their composition___

A

4 classes

Oleaginous
Absorption/emulsifiable base
Water removable (oil in water)
Water soluble

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13
Q

Other ingredients are added to the ointment base to contribute to the desired pharmaceutical properties such as,,,,,

A

Consistency, drug release

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14
Q

The ointment base must be compatible with what 3 things?

A

The drug, the tissue of application, and the patient

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15
Q

What is a concern when the preparation is applied over a large area

A

Stability and systemic absorption

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16
Q

Oleaginous ointment bases include….

A

Hydrocarbons and some natural oil products (vegetable fixed oils and animal fats)

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17
Q

Name 2 liquid oleaginous bases, 1 semisolid, and 1 solid

A

Liquid — mineral oil, olive oil

Semisolid — lanolin

Solid — paraffin wax

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18
Q

How is the desired consistency of the ointment base obtained

A

By blending substances of different melting points

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19
Q

Due to their occlusive nature, ointments have…..

A

Better protective action against irritants and body exudations (oozing body fluids) and excretions

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20
Q

What is the concern with bases containing natural oils

A

They may turn rancid (oxidize)

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21
Q

True or false

Hydrocarbons are chemically reactive and unstable

A

False they are chemically inert and stable

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22
Q

Name 4 examples of oleaginous ointment bases

A

White petrolatum
Yellow petrolatum
White ointment
Yellow ointment

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23
Q

Oleaginous bases are good _____ due to their _____ nature

A

Good emollients (soften the skin) due to their occlusive nature (retain skin moisture)

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24
Q

Oleaginous bases are useful vehicles for drugs with poor _____ solubility

A

Aqueous

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25
Are oleaginous bases hydrophobic or hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
26
Are oleaginous bases anhydrous or hydrous
Anhydrous
27
Are oleaginous bases easy to spread ? Are they water washable ?
Difficult to spread and not water washable
28
What do absorption bases contain
An oleaginous material and a water in oil emulsifier so that they can absorb water to form or expand a water in oil emulsion
29
What are the types of absorption bases
Anhydrous bases that permit incorporation of aqueous solutions to form w/o emulsions and bases that are ALREADY w/o emulsions and permit incorporation of SMALL ADDITIONAL QUANTITIES of aqueous solutions
30
Why are absorption bases available in anhydrous form
So that aqueous solutions of drugs and excipients can be incorporated during compounding
31
Anhydrous absorption bases can absorb up to _____% of their volume of water to form…..
Up to 50% of their volume to form a water in oil emulsion WITHOUT LOSING THEIR CONSISTENCY
32
Bases that are ALREADY water in oil emulsion bases are ____ and good ____
Are occlusive (hood skin moisture) and are good emmolients
33
Bases that are already w/o emulsions contain a mixture of _______ as emulsifying agents
Mixture of natural wool fats or lipophilic surfactants
34
Absorption bases are good vehicles for that kind of drugs
Aqueous solutions, solids, and non hydrolyzable drugs
35
Which are LESS protective to irritating body exudations and excretions - oleaginous bases or absorption bases ? Why?
Absorption bases are less protective due to their hydrophilic nature
36
Are absorption bases greasy? Are they washable?
Greasy but not as greasy as oleaginous bases and are NON washable
37
Explain the drug release properties of absorption bases
Poor drug release properties but better than oleaginous bases
38
Are absorption bases viscous ? Are they difficult to spread ?
Viscous and comparitively difficult to spread compared to emulsion bases and water miscible bases
39
Give examples of absorption bases
Aquaphor, hydrophilic petrolatum, lanolin anhydrous
40
Lanolin containing bases are comparatively ____ stable than those containing hydrocarbons
Less stable (turn rancid)
41
Explain how aquaphor is useful
Contains a fraction of wool fat alcohols that is hypoallergenic and may be suitable vehicle for lanolin sensitive individuals
42
Water removable bases are ____ in ____ emulsions resembling ____
Oil in water resembling creams
43
HIGHLY VISCOUS EMULSION BASES ARE COMMONLY REFERRED TO AS….
Creams
44
How are water removable bases water washable
They have an aqueous external phase
45
Which are more greasy and occlusive — water removable bases or oleaginous bases
Oleaginous
46
What may be done with water removable bases to give them a better cosmetic appearance
They may be diluted with water or aqueous solutions
47
What is the most commonly used type of ointment base
Water removable
48
Which ointment base can absorb serous discharges
Water removable
49
The majority of dermatological drug products are formulated in a ____ or ___ base
Emulsion or cream base
50
Water soluble bases are prepared using …..
Higher ethylene glycol polymers (PEGS) commercially known as CARBOWAX THEY HAVE HIGH RANGE OF MWs
51
PEGs —- lower molecular weights are ____ while,,,,
Lower MW are liquids while higher (greater than 1000) are wax -like solids
52
Are water soluble bases water soluble ? Are they greasy ? Are they volatile ?
Water soluble nongreasy and nonvolatile
53
True or false Water soluble bases are generally chemically unstable and support the growth of molds
False— chemically stable and do NOT support the growth of molds
54
Are water soluble bases easily washable ? What is an advantage to them
Easily washable and can be blended to form a variety of desired consistencies
55
Water soluble bases may not be appropriate for which drugs
Poor aqueous solubility
56
Give 2 examples of water soluble bases
PEG ointment and poly base
57
When selecting an ointment base what 5 factors should be considered
Stability and compatibility of the drug and excipients Ability of the base to release the drug Rheological properties Stability of product Patient considerations
58
What does it mean that the theological properties should be considered when choosing an ointment base
The product must have adequate consistency and viscoelasticity to spread and or remain on the area applied and have good extrudabikity to be removed from the container
59
What kind of bases are preferred by most individuals
Non greasy and water washable bases
60
Why are rheological agents used
To provide consistency to the product
61
Protectives, and what other things are added for their surface effects
Antiseptics, astringents and cleansing agents
62
What excipients are used for their stratum corneum effects
Moisturizing and hydration, sun protection, keratinizing (sun tan) and keratolytic
63
———- provide local effects upon adsorption in the deeper epidermal layers and dermis
Rubefacient, counter-irritants, and sclerosing agents
64
Can preparations for topical effects reach blood circulation .
Yes and may cause inadvertent systemic effects
65
Are any preparations for systemic use applied topically What do they contain that improves systemic absorption to achieve the desired blood levels
Yes Transdermal preparations like nitroglycerin ointment, nicotine patches, and testosterone gel Contain permeation enhancers
66
What is calamine
A zinc carbonate compound or a nocturne if zinc oxide with about .5% ferric oxide Anti itch medication that works by causing a cooling effect as it evaporates on the skin
67
What is calamine used for
Mild pruritic conditions like sunburn, eczema, and rashes Historically it has been mixed with rose water to create soothing face mask and used in face powders, dusting (adsorbent) powders and toothpastes
68
Zinc oxide is used as…
An astringent, mildly antibacterial and antipruritic (reduce itching) and as SUNSCREEN broad spectrum UVA
69
What are the upper limits for the use of zinc oxide in sunscreen products
Less than 25% w/w
70
In zinc oxide sunscreen, primary particles aggregate to form larger size particles Larger particles are useful for what? The smaller particles are useful for what?
Large particles are useful for UVA protection and smaller particles are useful for UVB protection This combination assures a broad band UV protection
71
Zinc oxide can be incorporated into what kind of emulsion systems
either o/w or w/o usually WATER IN OIL provides higher UV performance due to more consistent film on the skin But o/w with equal effectiveness is more appealing bc non greasy
72
When high conc of zinc oxide is used in O/W emulsion, what happens
The density of the oil droplets increase . Hence additional amulsifers and /or rheologic modifiers (viscosifiers and stiffeners) should be used to PREVENT AGGLOMERATION AND SETTLING OF THE HEAVY OIL DROPLETS
73
is zinc added to the continuous or dispersed phase
It’s amphiphilc so can be added to eaither
74
at pH below 7, what will happen to divalent zinc ions
they will migrate into the water phase and may become incompatible with ionic ingredients
75
what PREVENTS the migration of zinc oxide to the O/W interface and the release of ions into the water phase
hydrophobic surface coating of zinc oxide chelating agents like Na2EDTA and some salts can be used to help reduce the extent of these interactions as well also buffering agents like citric or lactic acid
76
what kind of emulsifiers and thickeners are the best choice for zinc oxide emulsion products
NONIONIC -- xanthan gum, diff grades of clays, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
77
the zinc oxide particles are usually wetted and dispersed in the ___ phase prior to emulsification why
oil phase helps in the breaking of large zinc oxide agglomerates
78
the use of polar emollients in zinc oxide products may affect what
the spreadability of the product and the solubility and dispersion of the ingredients
79
are preservatives ever omitted
sometimes omitted for w/o emulsions, but administration, packing, shelf life, and patient habits must be considered when determining this
80
humectants may be added to improve....
moisturization and hydration
81
penetration enhancers are added for....
systemic effects
82
what 4 things may potentially be required to ensure drug stability
buffers pH adjusters antioxidants chelating agents
83
true or false additional emulsifiers may be required to incorporate the drugs and other ingredients
true
84
what is SLS used for
emulsifier (surfactant)
85
what is propylene glycol used for
humectant
86
what is cetyl alcohol used for
it's a fatty alcohol -- used as a stiffener (rheology modifier)
87
what is white petrolatum used as
an emollient
88
in zinc oxide sunscreen formulation, zinc oxide + calamine must not exceed....
10%w/w
89

Pharmacy Practice Lab II (12 decks)

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