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Bio 22-Lab Test 2 > Lab 7 > Flashcards

Lab 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The process of digestion involves both ? and ? processes.

A

mechanical, chemical

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2
Q

Mechanical digestion is brought about by ? and the smooth muscle contractions in the alimentary canal.

A

mastication (in the oral cavity)

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3
Q

? of contractions move the food ? through the esophagus to the stomach.

A
  • Peristaltic waves

- bolus

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4
Q

three layers of muscle provide extremely strong peristaltic waves that mix the food and, along with the chemical digestive processes, turn it into ?.

A

chyme

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5
Q

2 major motor activities that the colon possesses

A

segmentation and peristalsis

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6
Q

Chyme exits the stomach through the pyloric
valve, entering the duodenum, and in the small intestine is both eased forward by peristaltic waves and mixed with digestive chemicals by ? which are under the control of the ? and can be influenced by the ANS.

A
  • segmentation contractions

- interstitial cells of Cajal (enteric brain)

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7
Q

chemical digestion of food involves the ? breakdown of polymers into monomers, which are small enough to be absorbed by the intestinal mucosa.

A

catabolic

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8
Q

The chemical digestion of food is necessary for nutrient ?.

A

absorption

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9
Q

The effectiveness of a particular enzyme is determined by the ? along the GI tract.

A

temperature, pH, and enzyme to substrate ratio

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10
Q

catabolic breakdown of polymers into monomers is mediated by enzymes and other chemicals produced within the (1) and its (2). The enzymes aid in (3), and require specific environmental conditions to exert their optimal effect.

A
  1. gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)
  2. accessory organs
  3. hydrolysis reactions
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11
Q

? begins in the mouth with salivary amylase. Secreted in saliva from the three paired salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands), it begins to break down ?
into ?.

A
  • Carbohydrate digestion
  • starch
  • maltose
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12
Q

The bolus of food is swallowed, and the action of salivary amylase is stopped by the low pH of the ? in the stomach (pH of around 2).

A

gastric juice

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13
Q

Starch digestion continues in the duodenum through the action of ?.

A

pancreatic amylase

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14
Q

In order for absorption to take place, the ? located in the apical surface PM of the small intestinal mucosal cells must hydrolyze larger molecules (disaccharides).

A

brush border enzymes

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15
Q

The enzymes ? and ? digest oligosaccharides into glucose monomers.

A
  • dextrinase

- glucoamylase

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16
Q

The enzyme ? digests ? into glucose and fructose.

A
  • sucrase

- sucrose

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17
Q

The enzyme ? digests ? into glucose and galactose

A
  • lactase

- lactose

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18
Q

The enzyme ? digests ? into two glucose molecules.

A
  • maltase

- maltose

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19
Q

Once monosaccharides are produced, they are transported into epithelial cells by a ?.
Facilitated diffusion then moves ? for transport to the liver in the ?.

A
  • symport with Na+
  • glucose into blood capillaries
  • hepatic portal system
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20
Q

In some people lactase is deficient, and the person is ?.

A

lactose intolerant

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21
Q

? begins in the stomach with the combined actions of the enzyme ? and the
chemical ?.

A
  • Protein digestion
  • pepsin
  • hydrochloric acid
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22
Q

(1), a (2) or inactive enzyme, is secreted by the (3) in the (4).

A
  1. Pepsinogen
  2. zymogen
  3. chief cells
  4. gastric pits
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23
Q

In order to become the active pepsin, pepsinogen requires an acid environment. This is provided by the (1), also located in the gastric pits, which secrete HCl under stimulation by the (2) hormone (3) which is released from the (4) cells by gastrin and the (5).

A
  1. parietal cells
  2. paracrine
  3. histamine
  4. ECL
  5. PSNS
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24
Q

a milk protein coagulator in infants and not produced in adults.

A

Rennin

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25
Q

As chyme exits the stomach and enters the duodenum, the HCl is neutralized by the alkaline pH of ? and pepsin becomes inactive.

A

pancreatic juice

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26
Q

The zymogens ? are secreted from the pancreas.

A

trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase

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27
Q

In the duodenum, the enzyme ? converts trypsinogen into ?.

A
  • enterokinase

- trypsin

28
Q

Trypsin catalyzes the conversion of chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase to ?, respectively.

A

chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase

29
Q

brush border enzyme which works at the amino end of a polypeptide chain and, like carboxypeptidase, cleaves off one amino acid at a time.

A

aminopeptidase

30
Q

Free amino acids are ? into epithelial cells.

A

cotransported with Na+

31
Q

Some di- and tripeptides are (1) into epithelial cells utilizing the H+ gradient. Once inside the cells, (2)
and (3) hydrolyze these fragments into free amino acids. The amino acids are transported by facilitated diffusion into (4) and transported to the liver via the hepatic portal system.

A
  1. actively transported
  2. dipeptidase
  3. tripeptidase
  4. blood capillaries
32
Q

Significant ? does not occur until the duodenum.

A

lipid digestion

33
Q

Because lipids are hydrophobic, they do not mix with the chyme; instead they float on the surface. Because of this, they are not accessible to the ? secreted by the pancreas.

A

lipase enzymes

34
Q

Lipid digestion is not possible without the secretion of ? from the liver into the duodenum.

A

bile salts

35
Q

(1) is produced by (2) in the liver and collects in the right and left hepatic ducts. These form the common hepatic duct, which combines with the cystic duct from the (3).

A
  1. Bile
  2. hepatocytes
  3. gallbladder
36
Q

When lipids enter the duodenum, the hormone ? is released and stimulates the smooth muscle of the gallbladder to contract, releasing bile into the cystic duct and down through the common bile duct.

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

37
Q

CCK relaxes the ? to allow bile and pancreatic juice to enter the duodenum.

A

sphincter of Oddi

38
Q

CCK also stimulates the pancreatic acinar cells to produce and secrete ?.

A

pancreatic juice

39
Q

Further hormonal control is provided by ?, which increases both bile production in the liver and the production of pancreatic juice.

A

secretin

40
Q

Bile salts are circulated through the ? by being absorbed in the ileum and returned to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.

A

enterohepatic circulation

41
Q

Bile also contains water, cholesterol, phospholipids, electrolytes, and ?

A

bilirubin

42
Q

a waste product from the breakdown of heme

A

bilirubin

43
Q

Bacteria in the small intestine form ? from the metabolism of bilirubin.

A

urobilinogen

44
Q

Urobilinogen is converted to ?, which gives feces its brown color.

A

stercobilin

45
Q

Cholesterol can crystalize to form ? (?). These can obstruct bile flow and cause abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant which spreads to the right side and back. It can also cause referred pain to the right shoulder.

A

gallstones (biliary caliculi)

46
Q

When obstruction of the bile duct occurs, yellow bile pigments accumulate in the blood and are eventually deposited in the skin and sclera of the eyes, also know as ?.

A

jaundice

47
Q

can also lead to jaundice.

A

Liver dysfunction

48
Q

Once bile reaches the duodenum, bile salts create ? of triglycerides through the emulsification
process. This allows ? to digest the triglycerides into two fatty acids and a monoglyceride (a glyceride with a fatty acid).

A
  • micelles

- pancreatic lipase

49
Q

Free fatty acids, monoglycerides, and bile salts form ?.

A

mixed micelles

50
Q

Some free fatty acids are absorbed directly into the epithelial cells through simple diffusion, but a considerable fraction of the fatty acids enter via a ? in the membrane.

A

specific fatty acid transporter protein

51
Q

Beginning in the ER and continuing on in the

Golgi, triglycerides are packaged with cholesterol, lipoproteins, and other lipids into ?.

A

chylomicrons

52
Q

Chylomicrons enter the ? of the intestinal villus and travel to the thoracic duct, where they enter the bloodstream.

A

central lacteal

53
Q

Chylomicrons travel through the blood, releasing much of their lipid content both to cells for energy use and to adipose tissue for storage.
To allow this release, the enzyme ? in the blood digests the triglycerides in the chylomicron into free fatty acids and glycerol.
The remaining chylomicron material is processed in the liver to form new lipoproteins that transport cholesterol in the blood.

A

lipoprotein lipase

54
Q

transports endogenous triglycerides (fats made by the liver) to body cells.

A

Very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs)

55
Q

transports endogenous cholesterol to organs, including blood vessels.

A

Low density lipoproteins (LDLs)

56
Q

removes cholesterol from organs and return it to the liver.

A

High density lipoproteins (HDLs)

57
Q

occurs in the small intestine.

A

Nucleic Acid digestion

58
Q

The nucleic acids are hydrolyzed into nucleic monomers by ? that enter the duodenum in the ?.

A
  • pancreatic nucleases

- pancreatic juice

59
Q

Brush border enzymes called ? break down the nucleotides into free bases, pentose sugars, and
phosphate groups.

A

nucleosidases and phosphatases

60
Q

? absorption is coupled with the absorption of lipids. These vitamins dissolve readily in fat droplets and are incorporated into micelles.

A

Fat soluble vitamin (A, D, E, and K)

61
Q

? are absorbed by diffusion, except for B12. It must bind to ? secreted by the stomach to be absorbed in the ileum.

A
  • Water soluble vitamin (B vitamins and C)

- intrinsic factor

62
Q

B12 is required for the synthesis of hemoglobin, so a deficiency in this vitamin causes ?. Gastric ulcers can also lead to this anemia by interfering with the production of intrinsic factor.

A

pernicious anemia

63
Q

Ca2+ absorption is regulated by ? and its effects on the activation of vitamin D.

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

64
Q

Iron is needed for hemoglobin production and is stored in the intestinal epithelial cells, bound to the protein ?.

A

ferritin

65
Q

the most abundant component of chyme, and 95% of it is absorbed by osmosis in the small intestine.

A

Water

66
Q

Maltose and glucose are referred to as ? and can be detected using ?.

A
  • reducing sugars

- the Benedict’s Test

67
Q

The iron-ferritin complexes serve as a reserve of iron. In the blood, iron is bound to ?, a plasma protein.

A

transferrin

Bio 22-Lab Test 2 (4 decks)

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