Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 22-Lab Test 2 > Lab 6 > Flashcards

Lab 6 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

(1) is the combination of (2) and (3) that travels through the cardiovascular system and has a wide range of functions.

A
  1. Blood
  2. plasma
  3. formed elements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

study of the connective tissue, blood

A

Hematology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functions of blood

A
  1. Transportation
  2. Regulation
  3. Protection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Blood also transports ? (?) that function as part of the immune system to protect the body against pathogens.

A

leukocytes (white blood cells, WBCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The pH of blood ranges from 7.35 to 7.45 and has a ? five times greater than water.

A

viscosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Blood plasma is 90% (1). (2) account for about 8% of the blood plasma volume. The final 2% of plasma is (3).

A
  1. water
  2. plasma proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen and prothrombin)
  3. a mixture of waste material, organic nutrients, electrolytes, and some of the respiratory gases.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the most abundant plasma protein, accounting for 60% of the total protein volume.

A

Albumins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

act as transport proteins and antibodies, and make up 36% of the plasma proteins.

A

Globulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

some of the clotting proteins that form 4% of the plasma proteins.

A

Fibrinogen and prothrombin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

If a sample of blood is collected from a superficial vein and centrifuged, 45% of the total volume would be the ? and 55% would be the liquid component ?.

A
  • cellular component (formed elements)

- plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Formed elements include (1). Of the cellular components, (2) make up (3)% of the volume, and the ratio of RBCs to total blood volume is termed the (4). It is used to determine the ability to provide (5) to the tissues.

A
  1. erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs), WBCs, and platelets.
  2. RBCs
  3. 99.9
  4. hematocrit
  5. oxygen carrying capacity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The hematocrit test can also be done on an automated instrument as part of a

A

complete blood count (CBC).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The hematocrit is usually done on a person with symptoms of

A

anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Some conditions, such as ?, cause an overproduction of red blood cells, resulting in an increased hematocrit.

A

polycythemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The WBCs form ? just above the RBC layer.

A

a buffy coat layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

An increase in the WBC count is termed ? and may be caused by infections or cancers.

A

leukocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A decrease in the WBC count is ? which can also be caused by infections or other conditions such as increased stress or adrenal hyperfunction (Cushing’s syndrome).

A

leukopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

? are the smallest type of formed element, and are actually fragments of a larger bone marrow cell, called the ?

A
  • Platelets (thrombocytes)

- megakaryocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

If there are too few platelets, a condition called ?, uncontrolled bleeding may be a problem. If there are too many platelets, there is a risk of a ? forming in a blood vessel.

A
  • thrombocytopenia

- blood clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Platelet formation is regulated by the hormone

A

thrombopoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

? is a process that occurs in red bone marrow in which a ? differentiates into a specific blood cell. Specific hormones determine which specialized blood cell is to be produced.

A
  • Hematopoiesis

- hematopoietic stem cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hematopoiesis: for example, ? (?) leads to the release of the hormone ? from the kidneys, which stimulates ? (?) in red bone marrow.

A
  • hypoxia (an oxygen deficit in the body)
  • erythropoietin (EPO)
  • erythropoiesis (production of RBCs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

dependent on the number of RBCs and the total amount of hemoglobin.

A

oxygen carrying capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Phagocytic cells in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow make up the ?, which helps to digest ? from old RBCs into its components.

A
  • reticuloendothelial system

- hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

? is a quaternary protein containing ?

A
  • Hemoglobin

- heme groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

? is a red pigmented molecule that contains iron and is degraded into ?.

A
  • Heme

- bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The iron of heme is capable of transporting ?.

A

oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

When oxygen binds to the iron of hemoglobin it becomes a bright red color and is termed ?; alternatively, when oxygen detaches from the heme group it becomes a dark red color and is termed ?.

A
  • oxyhemoglobin

- deoxyhemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Hemoglobin is also capable of binding to carbon dioxide using the globin proteins; however, when carbon dioxide is transported in the blood only 20% binds to hemoglobin. This molecule is called ?.

A

carbaminohemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Another clinically important form of hemoglobin which represents hemoglobin that has bound with carbon monoxide.

A

carboxyhemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

This molecule does not easily dissociate, and the RBCs which have been exposed to carbon monoxide cannot participate in oxygen transport.

A

carboxyhemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

a condition in which the blood has a low oxygen carrying capacity.

A

Anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Nutritional anemias are suspected when the hemoglobin molecules are normal but at decreased numbers in the RBCs. ? is one example where an inadequate intake of iron affects oxygen carrying capacity through insufficient formation of heme groups for hemoglobin molecules.

A

Iron deficiency anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Another nutritional anemia, ?, results from a deficiency of vitamin B12. In most cases, the individual is lacking intrinsic factor, secreted by the stomach and vital for the absorption of vitamin B12.

A

pernicious anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

A decrease in the RBC count can also cause anemia. Examples include

A
  • hemorrhagic anemias (loss of blood)
  • hemolytic anemias (rupture of the RBCs due to transfusion mismatch, bacterial or parasitic infections)
  • aplastic anemias (destruction or inhibition of the red bone marrow)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Genetic disorders also can lead to anemias. ? is a common example, in which the change in one amino acid codon in the DNA leads to the formation of abnormal hemoglobin. Under low oxygen conditions, the hemoglobin links together, causing the RBC to form a ?.

A
  • Sickle cell anemia

- sickle shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

a red bone marrow cancer that increases RBC count and impairs circulation.

A

Polycythemia vera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

conditions that lead to an increase in the RBC count. An increase in RBCs causes an increase in blood viscosity, resulting in sluggish flow.

A

Polycythemias

38
Q

WBCs are able to move out of the blood through a process called ?, and are capable of mounting immune responses in various tissues of the body.

A

diapedesis

39
Q

can be used to diagnose various types of disease.

A

differential WBC count

40
Q

An abnormally low WBC count is called ?. This commonly occurs in response to excess glucocorticoids or anti-cancer drugs.

A

leucopenia

41
Q

An overproduction of abnormal WBCs occurs in ?, which are cancerous conditions that impair normal bone marrow function.

A

leukemias

42
Q

Granulocytes include

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

43
Q

two main groups of WBCs divided by dependent on the presence or absence of granules in the cytoplasm.

A
  • Granulocytes (WBCs with granules in their cytoplasm)
  • Agranulocytes (which contain no granules in the
    cytoplasm)
44
Q

Agranulocytes include

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

45
Q

most abundant WBC making up 50-70% of the population.

A

Neutrophils

46
Q

possess a polymorphonuclear (“many shaped”) nucleus and are actively phagocytic.

A

Neutrophils

47
Q

considered neutral to the dyes used for staining WBCs

A

Neutrophils

48
Q

Neutrophil numbers increase during acute bacterial infections such as ?. Increases are also seen with ?.

A
  • meningitis and appendicitis
  • small pox, rheumatic fever, or
    hemorrhage
49
Q

make up 1-4% of the WBC population.

A

Eosinophils

50
Q

There is a bilobular nucleus and the cytoplasm

contains bright red granules, reflecting the affinity for the ?

A

red eosin stain.

51
Q

Eosinophil numbers increase during

A

parasitic worm infections (tapeworms, flukes, and pinworms).

52
Q

destroy cancerous cells and help to reduce the severity of allergic reactions by secreting substances that inactivate the chemical mediators of the inflammatory response.

A

Eosinophils

53
Q

the rarest group and least abundant of WBCs, making up less than 1% of the population.

A

Basophils

54
Q

They have large, blue staining granules in their cytoplasm which contain histamine.

A

Basophils

55
Q

an inflammatory chemical that causes vasodilation of blood vessels and enhances capillary permeability.

A

Histamine

56
Q

Basophils also release the anticoagulant ?.

A

heparin

57
Q

Basophil numbers increase during

A

allergic reactions, hemolytic anemia, small pox, and chicken pox.

58
Q

abundant in the lymphoid tissues.

A

Agranulocytes

59
Q

the smallest WBC, and make up 20-40% of the population.

A

Lymphocytes

60
Q

Their nucleus occupies most of the cytoplasm.

A

Lymphocytes

61
Q

Lymphocytes are crucial in mediating ? in the body.

A

specific immune responses

62
Q

act directly against virus infected cells and tumors (mediated by the MHC).

A

T lymphocytes

63
Q

responsible for production of antibodies against foreign antigens.

A

B lymphocytes

64
Q

are the largest WBCs and make up 4-8% of the total population.

A

Monocytes

65
Q

They have a large kidney shaped nucleus, and function as highly mobile macrophages.

A

Monocytes

66
Q

Monocyte numbers increase during

A

chronic (slowly advancing) infections such as tuberculosis, malaria, and typhoid fever.

67
Q

classification system based on the presence or absence of glycoprotein markers on the
surface of the RBC plasma membranes.

A

Blood typing

68
Q

glycoprotein markers on the surface of the RBC plasma membranes that are determined by genetics (they are components of the ?).

A
  • agglutinogens

- MHC

69
Q

MHC

A

major histocompatibility complex

70
Q

Although over 20 markers for MHCs currently are in use, the most familiar antigens
are the ? blood groups.

A

ABO and Rh

71
Q

A person with ? blood exhibits only the A antigen at the cell membrane surface.

A

type A

72
Q

? blood exhibits only the B antigen

A

type B

73
Q

? blood exhibits both the A and the B

antigen

A

type AB

74
Q

? blood exhibits no antigen

A

type O

75
Q

determines if a person is Rh positive or Rh negative.

A

Rh factor

76
Q

There are a number of Rh antigens in this group, but blood typing tests for the most common ?.

A

D antigen (RhoD)

77
Q

Preformed antibodies that are unique to the ABO system.

A

agglutinins

78
Q

will occur if mismatched blood is transfused.

A

Agglutination reactions (cellular clumping)

79
Q

Type ? is the ? because this blood lacks antibodies that would cause agglutination.

A
  • AB+

- universal recipient

80
Q

Since ? lacks the cell surface markers, antibodies in the recipient’s blood cannot cause agglutination, therefore this type is the ?.

A
  • type O-

- universal donor

81
Q

Type A+:

  1. Can give blood to:
  2. Can receive blood from:
A
  1. A+ AB+

2. A+ A- O+ O-

82
Q

Type O+:

  1. Can give blood to:
  2. Can receive blood from:
A
  1. O+ A+ B+ AB+

2. O+ O-

83
Q

Type B+:

  1. Can give blood to:
  2. Can receive blood from:
A
  1. B+ AB+

2. B+ B- O+ O-

84
Q

Type AB+:

  1. Can give blood to:
  2. Can receive blood from:
A
  1. AB+

2. Everyone

85
Q

Type A-:

  1. Can give blood to:
  2. Can receive blood from:
A
  1. A+ A- AB+ AB-

2. A- O-

86
Q

Type O-:

  1. Can give blood to:
  2. Can receive blood from:
A
  1. Everyone

2. O-

87
Q

Type B-:

  1. Can give blood to:
  2. Can receive blood from:
A
  1. B+ B- AB+ AB-

2. B- O-

88
Q

Type AB-:

  1. Can give blood to:
  2. Can receive blood from:
A
  1. AB+ AB-

2. AB- A- B- O-

89
Q

Makes anti-B

A

Type A

90
Q

Makes anti-A and anti-B

A

Type O

91
Q

Makes anti-A

A

Type B

92
Q

Makes no antibodies (agglutinins)

A

Type AB

Bio 22-Lab Test 2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions