1. Transportation 2. Regulation 3. Protection

Lab 6 Flashcards by J S

(1) is the combination of (2) and (3) that travels through the cardiovascular system and has a wide range of functions.

Blood
plasma
formed elements

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

study of the connective tissue, blood

Hematology

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Functions of blood

Transportation
Regulation
Protection

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Blood also transports ? (?) that function as part of the immune system to protect the body against pathogens.

leukocytes (white blood cells, WBCs)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The pH of blood ranges from 7.35 to 7.45 and has a ? five times greater than water.

viscosity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Blood plasma is 90% (1). (2) account for about 8% of the blood plasma volume. The final 2% of plasma is (3).

water
plasma proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen and prothrombin)
a mixture of waste material, organic nutrients, electrolytes, and some of the respiratory gases.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the most abundant plasma protein, accounting for 60% of the total protein volume.

Albumins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

act as transport proteins and antibodies, and make up 36% of the plasma proteins.

Globulins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

some of the clotting proteins that form 4% of the plasma proteins.

Fibrinogen and prothrombin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If a sample of blood is collected from a superficial vein and centrifuged, 45% of the total volume would be the ? and 55% would be the liquid component ?.

cellular component (formed elements)

- plasma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Formed elements include (1). Of the cellular components, (2) make up (3)% of the volume, and the ratio of RBCs to total blood volume is termed the (4). It is used to determine the ability to provide (5) to the tissues.

erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs), WBCs, and platelets.
RBCs
99.9
hematocrit
oxygen carrying capacity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The hematocrit test can also be done on an automated instrument as part of a

complete blood count (CBC).

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The hematocrit is usually done on a person with symptoms of

anemia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Some conditions, such as ?, cause an overproduction of red blood cells, resulting in an increased hematocrit.

polycythemia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The WBCs form ? just above the RBC layer.

a buffy coat layer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An increase in the WBC count is termed ? and may be caused by infections or cancers.

leukocytosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A decrease in the WBC count is ? which can also be caused by infections or other conditions such as increased stress or adrenal hyperfunction (Cushing’s syndrome).

leukopenia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

? are the smallest type of formed element, and are actually fragments of a larger bone marrow cell, called the ?

Platelets (thrombocytes)

- megakaryocyte

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If there are too few platelets, a condition called ?, uncontrolled bleeding may be a problem. If there are too many platelets, there is a risk of a ? forming in a blood vessel.

thrombocytopenia

- blood clot

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Platelet formation is regulated by the hormone

thrombopoietin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

? is a process that occurs in red bone marrow in which a ? differentiates into a specific blood cell. Specific hormones determine which specialized blood cell is to be produced.

Hematopoiesis

- hematopoietic stem cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hematopoiesis: for example, ? (?) leads to the release of the hormone ? from the kidneys, which stimulates ? (?) in red bone marrow.

hypoxia (an oxygen deficit in the body)
erythropoietin (EPO)
erythropoiesis (production of RBCs)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

dependent on the number of RBCs and the total amount of hemoglobin.

oxygen carrying capacity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Phagocytic cells in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow make up the ?, which helps to digest ? from old RBCs into its components.

reticuloendothelial system

- hemoglobin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

? is a quaternary protein containing ?

- Hemoglobin | - heme groups

? is a red pigmented molecule that contains iron and is degraded into ?.

- Heme | - bilirubin

The iron of heme is capable of transporting ?.

oxygen

When oxygen binds to the iron of hemoglobin it becomes a bright red color and is termed ?; alternatively, when oxygen detaches from the heme group it becomes a dark red color and is termed ?.

- oxyhemoglobin | - deoxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin is also capable of binding to carbon dioxide using the globin proteins; however, when carbon dioxide is transported in the blood only 20% binds to hemoglobin. This molecule is called ?.

carbaminohemoglobin

Another clinically important form of hemoglobin which represents hemoglobin that has bound with carbon monoxide.

carboxyhemoglobin

This molecule does not easily dissociate, and the RBCs which have been exposed to carbon monoxide cannot participate in oxygen transport.

carboxyhemoglobin

a condition in which the blood has a low oxygen carrying capacity.

Anemia

Nutritional anemias are suspected when the hemoglobin molecules are normal but at decreased numbers in the RBCs. ? is one example where an inadequate intake of iron affects oxygen carrying capacity through insufficient formation of heme groups for hemoglobin molecules.

Iron deficiency anemia

Another nutritional anemia, ?, results from a deficiency of vitamin B12. In most cases, the individual is lacking intrinsic factor, secreted by the stomach and vital for the absorption of vitamin B12.

pernicious anemia

A decrease in the RBC count can also cause anemia. Examples include

- hemorrhagic anemias (loss of blood) - hemolytic anemias (rupture of the RBCs due to transfusion mismatch, bacterial or parasitic infections) - aplastic anemias (destruction or inhibition of the red bone marrow)

Genetic disorders also can lead to anemias. ? is a common example, in which the change in one amino acid codon in the DNA leads to the formation of abnormal hemoglobin. Under low oxygen conditions, the hemoglobin links together, causing the RBC to form a ?.

- Sickle cell anemia | - sickle shape

a red bone marrow cancer that increases RBC count and impairs circulation.

Polycythemia vera

conditions that lead to an increase in the RBC count. An increase in RBCs causes an increase in blood viscosity, resulting in sluggish flow.

Polycythemias

WBCs are able to move out of the blood through a process called ?, and are capable of mounting immune responses in various tissues of the body.

diapedesis

can be used to diagnose various types of disease.

differential WBC count

An abnormally low WBC count is called ?. This commonly occurs in response to excess glucocorticoids or anti-cancer drugs.

leucopenia

An overproduction of abnormal WBCs occurs in ?, which are cancerous conditions that impair normal bone marrow function.

leukemias

Granulocytes include

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

two main groups of WBCs divided by dependent on the presence or absence of granules in the cytoplasm.

- Granulocytes (WBCs with granules in their cytoplasm) - Agranulocytes (which contain no granules in the cytoplasm)

Agranulocytes include

lymphocytes and monocytes

most abundant WBC making up 50-70% of the population.

Neutrophils

possess a polymorphonuclear (“many shaped”) nucleus and are actively phagocytic.

Neutrophils

considered neutral to the dyes used for staining WBCs

Neutrophils

Neutrophil numbers increase during acute bacterial infections such as ?. Increases are also seen with ?.

- meningitis and appendicitis - small pox, rheumatic fever, or hemorrhage

make up 1-4% of the WBC population.

Eosinophils

There is a bilobular nucleus and the cytoplasm | contains bright red granules, reflecting the affinity for the ?

red eosin stain.

Eosinophil numbers increase during

parasitic worm infections (tapeworms, flukes, and pinworms).

destroy cancerous cells and help to reduce the severity of allergic reactions by secreting substances that inactivate the chemical mediators of the inflammatory response.

Eosinophils

the rarest group and least abundant of WBCs, making up less than 1% of the population.

Basophils

They have large, blue staining granules in their cytoplasm which contain histamine.

Basophils

an inflammatory chemical that causes vasodilation of blood vessels and enhances capillary permeability.

Histamine

Basophils also release the anticoagulant ?.

heparin

Basophil numbers increase during

allergic reactions, hemolytic anemia, small pox, and chicken pox.

abundant in the lymphoid tissues.

Agranulocytes

the smallest WBC, and make up 20-40% of the population.

Lymphocytes

Their nucleus occupies most of the cytoplasm.

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are crucial in mediating ? in the body.

specific immune responses

act directly against virus infected cells and tumors (mediated by the MHC).

T lymphocytes

responsible for production of antibodies against foreign antigens.

B lymphocytes

are the largest WBCs and make up 4-8% of the total population.

Monocytes

They have a large kidney shaped nucleus, and function as highly mobile macrophages.

Monocytes

Monocyte numbers increase during

chronic (slowly advancing) infections such as tuberculosis, malaria, and typhoid fever.

classification system based on the presence or absence of glycoprotein markers on the surface of the RBC plasma membranes.

Blood typing

glycoprotein markers on the surface of the RBC plasma membranes that are determined by genetics (they are components of the ?).

- agglutinogens | - MHC

MHC

major histocompatibility complex

Although over 20 markers for MHCs currently are in use, the most familiar antigens are the ? blood groups.

ABO and Rh

A person with ? blood exhibits only the A antigen at the cell membrane surface.

type A

? blood exhibits only the B antigen

type B

? blood exhibits both the A and the B | antigen

type AB

? blood exhibits no antigen

type O

determines if a person is Rh positive or Rh negative.

Rh factor

There are a number of Rh antigens in this group, but blood typing tests for the most common ?.

D antigen (RhoD)

Preformed antibodies that are unique to the ABO system.

agglutinins

will occur if mismatched blood is transfused.

Agglutination reactions (cellular clumping)

Type ? is the ? because this blood lacks antibodies that would cause agglutination.

- AB+ | - universal recipient

Since ? lacks the cell surface markers, antibodies in the recipient’s blood cannot cause agglutination, therefore this type is the ?.

- type O- | - universal donor

Type A+: 1. Can give blood to: 2. Can receive blood from:

1. A+ AB+ | 2. A+ A- O+ O-

Type O+: 1. Can give blood to: 2. Can receive blood from:

1. O+ A+ B+ AB+ | 2. O+ O-

Type B+: 1. Can give blood to: 2. Can receive blood from:

1. B+ AB+ | 2. B+ B- O+ O-

Type AB+: 1. Can give blood to: 2. Can receive blood from:

1. AB+ | 2. Everyone

Type A-: 1. Can give blood to: 2. Can receive blood from:

1. A+ A- AB+ AB- | 2. A- O-

Type O-: 1. Can give blood to: 2. Can receive blood from:

1. Everyone | 2. O-

Type B-: 1. Can give blood to: 2. Can receive blood from:

1. B+ B- AB+ AB- | 2. B- O-

Type AB-: 1. Can give blood to: 2. Can receive blood from:

1. AB+ AB- | 2. AB- A- B- O-

Makes anti-B

Type A

Makes anti-A and anti-B

Type O

Makes anti-A

Type B

Makes no antibodies (agglutinins)

Type AB