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NPB 101L > Lab 6 Prelab > Flashcards

Lab 6 Prelab Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

Exchange gases b/t external environment and the body

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2
Q

How does air travel into the airways during ventilation?

A

Down a pressure gradient

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3
Q

Describe the pathway of air during ventilation.

A
  1. Entry through nose/mouth
  2. Passage through nasopharynx, oropharynx, glottis, larynx
  3. Entry into tracheobronchial tree
  4. Gas exchange at alveoli
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4
Q

Describe the branching of the airways.

A

Airways –> bronchi –> bronchioles –> respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar ducts

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5
Q

What makes up the conducting zone of the respiratory system? Characteristics?

A
  • Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
  • First 16 generations contain no alveoli and do not participate in gas exchange
  • Anatomical dead space
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6
Q

What makes up the transitional and respiratory zones of the respiratory system? Characteristics?

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
  • Alveolar ducts and alveoli begin to appear and gas exchange can occur
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7
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?

A

At the alveolar-capillary unit

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8
Q

What is external respiration? What happens during this process?

A

Gas exchange occurring at the alveolar-capillary unit

  • Air is humidified
  • Gas is dissolved for diffusion down its partial pressure gradient
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9
Q

What are the characteristics of alveoli that make them ideal for gas exchange?

A
  • Thin-walled
  • Highly vascularized
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10
Q

What is internal respiration? What happens during this process?

A

Intracellular metabolic processes of mitochondria

  • O2 diffuses into cells and tissues down partial pressure gradients and is used to generate ATP
  • CO2 is produced and diffuses back out
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11
Q

What is the PO2 and PCO2 content in the venous blood?

A
  • PO2 < 40 mmHg
  • PCO2 > 46 mmHg
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12
Q

What is the PO2 and PCO2 content in the alveolar air?

A
  • PO2 ~ 100 mmHg
  • PCO2 ~ 40 mmHg
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13
Q

Describe oxygen transport involving hemoglobin. How many O2 molecules can bind to one Hb molecule? How is O2 delivered to the tissue?

A
  • O2 diffuses into plasma and is loaded onto hemoglobin molecules
  • A conformational shift allows more O2 to bind to Hb (up to 4 O2 per Hb)
  • Arterial O2 saturation is usually 100%
  • Change in PO2 and pH at the receiving tissue reduces Hb’s affinity for O2 –> O2 gets delivered to the tissue
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14
Q

After CO2 diffuses from the cell into the capillary blood, in what 3 major ways can it react? What % of the CO2 reacts in each way?

A
  • ~8% will react slowly to form bicarbonate
  • ~65% will enter RBCs and react rapidly w/ water and carbonic anhydrase (CA) to form bicarbonate
  • ~27% will enter the RBC and react w/ terminal amine groups of blood proteins (primarily Hb), forming carbaminohemoglobin
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15
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

A

Pressure at the interface of the lung and chest wall

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16
Q

What is “V dot”? Equation?

A

V = flow of air during ventilation

V = (Palv - Patm) / R

  • R = 0
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17
Q

List the muscles of inspiration.

A
  • Diaphragm
  • External intercostals
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18
Q

What is the function of the diaphragm? Innervation?

A
  • Contracts downward to expand the intrapleural space during inspiration
  • Innervated by the phrenic nerve
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19
Q

What is the function of the external intercostals? Innervation?

A
  • Contracts during deep breathing to raise and enlarge the rib cage
  • Innervated by intercostal nerves
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20
Q

Describe the process of inspiration.

A
  1. Inspiratory muscles are activated to contract
  2. Thoracic volume increases
  3. Intrapleural pressure is reduced
  4. Alveoli enlarge passively and Palv is reduced
  5. Air flows into lungs
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21
Q

What muscles are involved in normal expiration?

A

None required during normal breathing b/c expiration is passive

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22
Q

What muscles are involved in forceful expiration?

A

Abdominal wall and internal intercostals

23
Q

Describe the process of expiration.

A
  1. Relaxation of inspiratory muscles
  2. Elastic recoil of lungs increases alveolar pressure
  3. Air moves out of lungs down the pressure gradient
24
Q

Define tidal volume. Normal resting value? What does it look like on a spirogram?

A
  • Volume of air entering and leaving the lungs w/ each normal breath
  • TV = 500 mL at rest
25
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume. Normal resting value? What does it look like on a spirogram?

A
  • Additional volume of gas that can be inhaled above TV during a forced maximal inspiration
  • IRV = 2000 - 3000 mL at rest
26
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume. Normal resting value? What does it look like on a spirogram?

A
  • Additional volume of gas that can be exhaled beyone TV during a forced maximal expiration
  • ERV = 1000 mL at rest
27
Q

Define residual volume. Normal resting value? What does it look like on a spirogram?

A
  • Volume of gas left after a maximal forced expiration (due to anatomical dead space)
  • RV = 800 - 1200 mL at rest
28
Q

Define total lung capacity. Equation? Normal value? What does it look like on a spirogram?

A
  • Total volume of air in the lungs after a maximal inspiration
  • TLC = RV + ERV + TV + IRV
  • TLC = 4000 - 5000 mL
29
Q

Define functional residual capacity. Equation? Normal value? What does it look like on a spirogram?

A
  • Volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal tidal expiration
  • FRC = RV + ERV
  • FRC = 2000 mL
30
Q

Define vital capacity. Equation? Normal value? What does it look like on a spirogram?

A
  • Volume of air expelled from the lungs after a maximal inspiration and expiration
  • VC = ERV + TV + IRV
  • VC = 3000 - 4000 mL
31
Q

Define inspiratory capacity. Equation? Normal value? What does it look like on a spirogram?

A
  • Volume of air that can be inspired
  • IC = TV + IRV
  • IC = 2500 -3500 mL
32
Q

What factors affect ventilation?

A
  • Arterial PCO2 and PO2
  • Blood pH
  • Temp
  • Exercise or anticipation of exercise
  • Voluntary control
33
Q

What are the receptors involved in respiratory control? Locations?

A
  • Contral chemoreceptors (medulla oblongata)
  • Peripheral chemoreceptors (aortic arch & carotid body)
  • Muscle spindle / stretch receptors (lung parenchyma)
34
Q

Breathing is spontaneously initiated by what?

A

Pons and medullary respiratory centers

35
Q

What makes up the Medullary/Pons respiratory centers?

A
  • Dorsal respiratory group
  • Ventral respiratory group
  • Pre-Botzinger complex
  • Pneomotaxic center
  • Apneustic center
36
Q

What is the dorsal respiratory group? What does it contain?

A
  • Contains mostly inspiratory neurons (like the phrenic nerve)
37
Q

What is the ventral respiratory group? What does it contain?

A
  • Contain both inspiratory and expiratory neurons, but more important in pacing (exercise)
38
Q

What does the pre-botzinger complex contain?

A

Pacemakers

39
Q

What is the pneumotaxic center involved in?

A

Stopping inspiration

40
Q

What is the apneustic center involved in?

A

Initiating inspiration

41
Q

Define hyperventilation. What conditions can it lead to?

A
  • An increase in ventilation achieved by increasing respiratiry rate and/or TV, not related to metaboilc drive
  • Can lead to hypocapnia and respiratory alkalosis (increase in pH)
42
Q

What is hypocapnia? How does hyperventilation lead to hypocapnia? What does that cause?

A
  • Rate of ventilation is higher than what is needed to remove CO2 from blood
  • Leads to a decrease in PCO2 (hypocapnia)
  • Decreased PCO2 causes decreased inspiratory drive
43
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis? Mechanism? Symptoms?

A
  • Increase in pH
  • Mechanism: prolonged hyperventilation
  • Leads to vasoconstriction in brain arterioles –> decrease in blood flow to brain –> dizziness
44
Q

What is hypoventilation? What conditions does this lead to?

A
  • A decrease in ventilation
  • Leads to an increase in arterial PCO2 (hypercapnia)
  • Increase in PCO2 will cause a decerase in pH (respiratory acidosis)
  • Activates chemoreceptors to increase respiratory rate
45
Q

What is the function of the peripheral chemoreceptors of the respiratory system? Locations? What happens when they are activated?

A
  • Able to sense decreases in arterial PO2 (hypoxia) increases in PCO2 (to a lesser extent), and decreases in pH
  • Activation of receptors will cause an increase in ventilation rate
  • Carotid bodies and aortic arch
46
Q

What is the function of the central chemoreceptors of the respiratory system? Location?

A
  • Sense increases in PCO2 and decreases in pH by sensing [H+] in cerebrospinal fluid
  • Activate receptors will caus an increase in ventilation rate
  • Located in the medullary respiratory center
47
Q

Where are stretch receptors of the respiratory system located?

A
  • Smooth muscle of large and small airways
  • Lung parenchyma (connective tissue around lungs)
48
Q

What is the Hering-Breuer Reflex?

A
  • Stretch detected by stretch receptors
    • High levels of inflation –> ncreased stretch –> inhibition of inspiratory neurons –> decreased respiratory drive
    • Low levels of inflation –> decrease in stretch –> activation of inspiratory neurons –> increased respiratory drive
  • Contributes to pacemaking and initiation of inspiration and expiration
49
Q

Define hyperpnea.

A

Increase in ventilation matching an increase in metabolic activity, such as exercise

50
Q

What makes hyperpnea different than hyperventilation?

A

Ventilation rates matches the need for CO2 removal, so there is no decrease in arterial PCO2 beyond normal as seen in hyperventilation

51
Q

What occurs in the lungs during exercise hyperpnea? Significance

A
  • Perfusion of upper lungs increases to increase gas exchange
  • Larger surface area is needed to make up for increase pulmonary vascular pressure
52
Q

What is minute ventilation? Equation?

A
  • Volume of air that was moved in and out of the lungs per minute
  • VE = TV x RR
53
Q

What is dead space ventilation? Equation?

A
  • Volume of air not participating in gas exchange per minute
  • VDS = DSvol x RR
54
Q

What is alveolar ventilation? Equation?

A
  • Part of the TV that enters or leaves the gas exchange of the lung per breath per minute
  • VA = (TV -DSvol) x RR = VE - VDS

NPB 101L (13 decks)

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