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NPB 101L > Lab 4 Prelab > Flashcards

Lab 4 Prelab Flashcards

1
Q

Define auscultation.

A

Listening for body sounds

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2
Q

Describe the flow of de-oxygenated blood through the circulatory system.

A
  • De-oxygenated blood from the systemic circulation enters the RA
  • Blood is pumped to the pulmonary circulation via the RV
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3
Q

Describe the flow of oxygenated blood through the circulatory system.

A
  • Blood from RV pumps blood into lungs where gas exchange occurs
  • Oxygenated blood re-enters the heart at the LA
  • Blood is pumped out of the systemic circulation by the LV
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4
Q

What kind of walls do the aorta and the biggest arteries have? Characteristics?

A

Thick muscular walls w/ many elastic fibers to flex and rebound pressure waves

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5
Q

What happens as artery size reduces to arterioles?

A

Elastic component reduces, then muscle wall thins

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6
Q

What size arteries and arterioles are contractile? What does this affect?

A

Medium arteries and arterioles are contractile and affect resistance

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7
Q

List the 3 vascular tissue layers.

A
  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica adventitia
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8
Q

What are capillaries? Location? Function?

A
  • An endothelial layer on a basal lamina
  • Site of exchange b/t venous and arterial system
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9
Q

What are the characteristics of venules and veins? What actively changes its diameter?

A
  • Thin walled
  • Larger lumen compared to wall diameter
  • One way valves limit direction of flow
  • Smooth muscle actively changes diameter
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10
Q

What dictates blood flow?

A

Differences in pressure

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11
Q

Where does friction from blood flow occur? What does this cause?

A
  • B/t blood and vessel walls
  • Causes vessels to resist fluid movement
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12
Q

What does vascular resistance measure?

A

How hard it is for blood to flow through a vessel

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13
Q

What is the equation for blood flow?

A

Q = ΔP/R

  • Q = flow rate (vol/time)
  • ΔP = pressure diff (mmHg)
  • R = resistance (mmHg x time/vol)
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14
Q

In the blood flow equation, which variable is regulated? Which changes?

A
  • P is regulated (constant)
  • R changes to alter flow rate
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15
Q

What is the restistance equation?

A

R = 8Lη/πr4

  • L = length of vessel
  • η (eta) = fluid viscocity
  • r = radius of vessel

Small Δr = big ΔR

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16
Q

What is Poiseuille’s equation?

A

Q = ΔPπr4/8Lη

  • Combines resistance equation w/ blood flow equation
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17
Q

According to Poiseuille’s equation, what is flow rate primarily regulated by?

A

Changes in the radius of a vessel (vasoconstriction or vasodilation)

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18
Q

What is pressure in the blood vessel determined by?

A
  • Volume of blood in the vessel
  • Compliance of the vessel
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19
Q

Define compliance.

A

How easily a blood vessel can be stretched

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20
Q

What is the equation for compliance?

A

C = ΔV/ ΔP

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21
Q

Are veins or arteries more compliant?

A

Veins

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22
Q

Define capacitance.

A

Holding capacity

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23
Q

How are compliance and capacitance related?

A

Vessels w/ a high compliance also have a high capacitance

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24
Q

What kind of arterial-venous pressure gradient does the heart work towards?

A

Keep arterial pressure higher than venous pressure

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25
Q

What % of blood is in the arteries? Veins?

A
  • 10-20% in arteries
  • 70% in veins
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26
Q

Define cardiac output.

A

Volume of blood pumped by each of the ventricles per min

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27
Q

Equation for cardiac output.

A

CO = HR x SV

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28
Q

What changes in flow will cause vessel volume to increase?

A
  • Increased inflow
  • Decreased outflow
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29
Q

How could you get an increase in volume in the arteries?

A

Increase in SV, CO, HR or increase in arterial resistance

30
Q

How would you get an increase in volume in the veins?

A
  • Decrease in right heart pumping
  • Change in body position from reclining to upright
31
Q

What changes in flow will cause venous volume to decrease?

A
  • Decreasing inflow
  • Increasing outflow
    • Increased SV, HR due to increased contractility
    • Increased arterial resistance
32
Q

What is a sphygmomanometer?

33
Q

What is sphygmomanometry by auscultation?

A

Taking a BP by listening for artery sounds

34
Q

What are Korotkoff sounds?

A

Tapping sounds that a partially occluded artery makes due to turbulent blood flow

35
Q

What is systolic BP?

A
  • Pressure where the 1st Korotkoff sounds are heard
  • Peak pressure generated by artery
36
Q

What is diastolic BP?

A

Pressure where Korotkoff counds are no longer heard

37
Q

What is arterial pressure a function of? Why?

A

Change in volume since its capacitance is fairly constant

38
Q

When does an increase in volume in the arteries occur? What does this cause?

A

When blood is ejected from the ventricles during systole

  • Causes arteries to distend (swell) slightly
  • Increase in pressure
39
Q

What fraction of the blood in arteries flows out during systole?

40
Q

What happens to the arteries during diastole?

A

Arteries passively recoil due to their elastic properties –> pushes more blood out

41
Q

What allows blood flow to the capillaries to be constant?

A

Continued pulsatile blood flow out of the arteries during diastole

42
Q

Define MAP.

A

Avg effective pressure that drives blood through the systemic organs

43
Q

What is the equation for MAP?

A

MAP = CO x TPR

44
Q

Define TPR.

A

Overall resistance to flow through the entire systemic circulation

45
Q

How is MAP approximated? (equation)

A

MAP = 1/3 SBP + 2/3 DBP

46
Q

Equation for pulse pressure.

A

PP = SBP - DBP

47
Q

What is a normal human BP?

A

120/80 mmHg

48
Q

What is the effect of gravity on BP?

A

Gravity produces a hydrostatic pressure diff b/t 2 pts of different height

49
Q

How does a supine position affect BP?

A
  • Whole body is at heart level and becomes equal
  • No added hydrostatis pressure
  • Lower BP
50
Q

How does a standing position affect BP?

A
  • Hydrostatic pressure is added to area below heart and substracted from areas above heart
  • Higher BP
51
Q

When standing, where in the body does the vasculature have higher pressure?

A

Vasculature around feet have higher P than vasculature near head

52
Q

When you move rapidly from supine to standing, gravity causes the blood to pool in what direction? Why? What does this cause?

A
  • Downward
  • Caused by decreases in VR, HR, CO, arterial blood pressrue
  • Can cause inadequate cerebral blood flow, resulting in dizziness
53
Q

What are baroreceptors? Location? Function?

A
  • Specialized mechanoreceptors that detect stretch –> send afferents to the brain
  • Found in the carotid sinus and aortic arch
54
Q

How does sympathetic innervation affect the arteries?

A

Vasoconstrict arteries (decrease in diameter) –> increase in resistance –> decrease in blood flow to venous side

55
Q

How does sympathetic innervation affect the veins?

A

Decrease in diameter –> decrease in capacitance –> increase in pressure –> increase in blood flow and venous return

56
Q

What does the sympathetic NS do w/ regards to the CV system? What receptors to their bind to? What does this cause?

A
  • Sympathetic nerves release norepinephrine, which binds to alpha 1 adrenergic receptors on smooth muscle cells in the vessel walls –> cause vasoconstriction
  • Sympathetic afferents to the heart release norepinephrine, which bind to β-adrenergic receptors –> cause increase in HR and contractility (SV, CO)
57
Q

What do parasympathetic nerves do w/ regards to the CV system? What do they bind to? What do they release? What does this cause?

A
  • Parasympathetic efferents to the heart release ACh and bind to muscarinic AChR –> causes vasodilation and a decrease in HR and contractility (SV, CO)
58
Q

How does the autonomic NS respond to an increase in BP? What is the result?

A
  • Increase firing rate of baroreceptors
  • Decrease sympathetic
  • Increase parasympathetic (↓HR → ↓CO → ↓BP)
    • Certain vessels: ↑vasodilation → ↓resistance → ↓BP
59
Q

How does the autonomic NS respond to a decrease in BP? What is the result?

A
  • Decrease firing rate of baroreceptors
  • Decrease parasympathetic
  • Increase sympathetic (↑HR → ↑CO → ↑BP)
    • ↑contraction → ↑SV
    • Arterioles: ↑vasoconstriction → ↑resistance → ↑BP
    • Veins: ↑vasoconstriction → ↑VR → ↑SV → ↑CO → ↑BP
60
Q

What is reactive hyperemia? Result? Example?

A
  • Reaction to a decrease in blood flow to a tissue w/ no change in the tissue’s metabolism
  • Result: transient higher than normal blood flow after removal of the decrease/restriction
  • Ex) when your foot “falls asleep” then “wakes up”
61
Q

What is the mechanism by which reactive hyperemia occurs?

A
  • Build up of local metabolites that would normally be swept away by blood flow
  • Elevated metabolic concentration activates vasodilatory pathways
62
Q

What is active hyperemia? Mechanism?

A
  • Increased blood flow caused by an incraese in metabolic activity, such as exercise
  • Mechanism: release of metabolites cause vasodilation and increase in blood flow
63
Q

What are the CV system’s responses to exercise?

A
  • Increase in SNS activity at the onset of exercise –> increases HR and CO –> increases MAP
  • Increase in SNS activity to decrease blood flow to inactive muscles, renal, and splanchnic (gut) circulations
  • Active skeletal muscle releases metabolites –> causes vasodilation, decreases TPR, increases blood flow
  • Skeletal muscle pump increases venous return to sustain CO
64
Q

What does the diving reflex allow?

A

Allows prolonged submersion by limiting the rate of O2 use and directing blood flow to essential organs

65
Q

What is the mechanism by which the diving reflex occurs?

A
  • Bradycardia caused by increased vagal activity
  • Vasoconstriction at non-essential organs caused by increased general SNS activity
66
Q

On an ECG, what does the P wave represent?

A

Depolarization of atria

67
Q

On an ECG, what does the QRS wave represent?

A

Depolarization of ventricles

68
Q

On an ECG, what does the T wave represent?

A

Repolarization of ventricles

69
Q

What is the relation b/t HR and the RR interval

A

Inversely proportional

70
Q

What is the RR interval?

A

Interval b/t 2 R wave peaks

NPB 101L (13 decks)

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