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a&p lab > Lab 6 II > Flashcards

Lab 6 II Flashcards

1
Q

Connective tissue

A

• most wide-ranging and abundant type of tissue in the human body.
•FUNCTION: mechanical binding and support, circulation of body fluids, insulation, storage of food reserves and the process of inflammation.
• variable degree of vascularization
• grouped based on the characteristics of the extracellular matrix:
-the consistency of the ground substance
-the types of fibers present
-the arrangement of the fibers.

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2
Q

All connective tissues have three structural features in common

A

cell
protein fibers
ground substance

fibers + ground substance = extracellular matrix

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3
Q

List:
Connective Tissue Proper - 4
Supporting Connective Tissues - 2

A

Connective Tissue Proper

  • Areolar (Loose) Connective Tissue
  • Adipose Connective Tissue
  • Reticular Connective Tissue
  • Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Supporting Connective Tissues

  • Cartilage
  • Bone
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4
Q

Components of the ground substance include

A
  • glycosaminoglycans (GAG) such as chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid
  • proteoglycan
  • adhesive glycoproteins.
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5
Q

Cell types ending: young and old

A

Immature = “-blasts”

  • Fibroblasts are present in connective tissue proper and produce and secrete the matrix components, while in
  • cartilage, chondroblasts
  • osteoblasts are found in bone.

Mature = “-cytes”
- involved in maintaining the matrix and are less active

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6
Q

The fibers of connective tissue are of three types:

A

collagen, elastic and reticular fibers.

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7
Q

Areolar (Loose) Connective Tissue

A

• most widespread
• FUNCTION: used to attach the skin to the underlying tissue, to fill the spaces between various organs and thus hold them in place, and it surrounds and supports the blood vessels.
• Contains:
-Collagen fibers are the predominant fiber type, also elastic fibers.
-Fibroblasts, Mast cells, macrophages

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8
Q

Collagen fibers are the predominant fiber type.

A
  • Constructed of the tough fibrous protein collagen and provide high tensile strength to the matrix.
  • They usually appear as broad, pink bands in the slide.
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9
Q

Elastic fibers

A
  • appear as thin, dark lines

* These fibers contain the rubber like protein elastin that allows them to stretch and recoil.

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10
Q

The fibroblast

A

is an actively mitotic cell that secretes the ground substance and fibers.

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11
Q

Mast Cell

A
  • has coarse, dark-staining granules in the cytoplasm.
  • Since the cell membrane of this cell is very delicate, it frequently ruptures in slide preparation, resulting in a number of granules free in the tissue surrounding the mast cells.
  • The nucleus of the mast cell is small, oval and light-staining, and may be obscured by the cytoplasmic granules.
  • FUNCTION: secrete heparin, a chemical that inhibits blood clotting, and histamine, a chemical that increases blood flow by dilating blood vessels.
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12
Q

Macrophages

A
  • Large irregularly shaped phagocytic cells that arise from monocytes (type of white blood cell)
  • Wander through connective tissue where they engulf and destroy bacteria, foreign particles and dead or dying body cells.
  • Other types of white blood cells also can migrate from blood into connective tissue during infections
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13
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue

A

• forms the internal framework of the spleen, liver, bone marrow and lymph nodes. It is also closely associated with blood vessels and nerves.
•Contains:
- fibroblasts (called reticular cells), white blood cells and macrophages, reticular fiber

FUNCTION:
The fibers form a soft skeleton (stroma) to support the lymphoid organs (lymph node stromal cells, red bone marrow, and spleen).

LOCATION:
found around the kidney, liver, the spleen, and lymph nodes

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14
Q

Reticular fiber

A
  • predominant in reticular connective tissue.

* short, thin branched networks of collagen-like fibers.

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15
Q

Adipose Connective Tissue

A
  • FUNCTION: synthesis and storage of lipid, pads and protects certain regions of the body, acting as a shock absorber. As well, it forms an insulating layer in the integument which helps regulate body temperature.
  • Locations for adipose tissue include under the skin, around kidneys, heart and eyeballs, within the abdomen and in the breasts.
  • characterized by a large, internal lipid droplet.
  • the cytoplasm is reduced to a thin layer and the nucleus is displaced to the edge of the cell.
  • Adipose cells may appear singly but are more often present in groups
  • When adipose cells accumulate in large numbers, they become the predominant cell type and form adipose tissue or fat.
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16
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

• characterized by an abundance of fibers.
• These tissues have fewer cells and less ground substance
• the fibers are organized into a regular, parallel pattern
• This connective tissue is found composing tendons and ligaments
• Cell types: fibroblasts
• Tendons have bundles of collagen fibers parallel to one another.
-Results in a great resistance to tension (pulling forces) where the tension is exerted in a single direction.

FUNCTION:
has great tensile strength that resists pulling forces especially well in one direction

LOCATION:
tendons/ligaments

17
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A
  • has the same structural elements as the regular variety, but its bundles of collagen fibers are much thicker and run in several directions, thus resisting pulling forces in several directions.
  • It is found in the skin dermis and forms fibrous coverings around organs such as the kidney, muscles, bones and nerves.
18
Q

Cartilage

A
  • Composed of cells, fibers and ground substance.
  • it is specialized towards rigidity, yet retains flexibility
  • three types of cartilage found in the human body: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage
  • Most types of cartilage are surrounded by a layer of dense connective tissue, known as the perichondrium.
  • The matrix of cartilage consists of a gel-like ground substance in which collagen fibers are embedded.
  • Cartilage is avascular and receives its nutrients from blood vessels located in the perichondrium.
19
Q

perichondrium.

A
  • layer of dense connective tissue.
  • The outer layer consists of a layer of collagen fibers which are arranged in an irregular, interwoven pattern.
  • Between these fibers lie undifferentiated cells and blood vessels.
  • The inner layer is a region of transition where the collagen fibers merge with the ground substance. It is in this inner region that the chondroblasts are formed.
20
Q

Chondroblast

A
  • produces new matrix.
  • found in The inner layer of the perichondrium
  • The mature cartilage cells are called chondrocytes and are found in spaces (or lacunae) deeper in the matrix.
21
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • Most common type of cartilage.
  • found wherever support with some flexibility is required.
  • In the adult human found at the articular surfaces of bones, the ends of the ribs and as part of the nasal septum, larynx, trachea and bronchi.
  • Most of the embryonic skeleton is formed of hyaline cartilage.
22
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A
  • Is similar to hyaline cartilage, however, the matrix is characterized by an abundance of elastic fibers.
  • The elastic fibers make this cartilage extremely flexible. • Elastic cartilage supports the external ear (the pinna), the epiglottis and the wall of auditory (eustachian) tube.
23
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • less organized and lacks a perichondrium.
  • Chondrocytes are scattered between thick bundles of collagen fibers.
  • It provides strong support and can withstand heavy pressure.
  • Fibrocartilage forms pads, the vertebral discs between the individual vertebrae and the knee menisci between the tibia and femur. It also forms the pubic symphysis, which is the joint between the pubic bones of the pelvis.
24
Q

Bones

A

• belongs to supporting connective tissues.
• provide cavities for fat storage and synthesis of blood cells.
• serves as a storehouse for the minerals, calcium and phosphorous required for various functions carried out by the body.
• Mature bone cells, osteocytes are found in spaces (lacunae) between lamellae.
• Bone is a highly vascular tissue (unlike cartilage).
- Blood vessels located in the periosteum, a connective tissue layer surrounding the bone, penetrate compact bone through transverse perforating (Volkmann) canals which connect to the central canals that run longitudinally through the bone.
- Individual osteocytes obtain nutrients and remove wastes via their cytoplasmic extensions that occupy canaliculi, networks of small canals that radiate from each lacunae.
•FUNCTION: depend on the contributions of the organic and inorganic constituents of bony matrix. The matrix of bone is hard and rigid due to the presence of inorganic mineral salts (mostly calcium and phosphates) that have been deposited around the collagen fibers (organic constituent).

25
Q

two basic types of bone

A
  • spongy (or cancellous) bone
  • compact bone

These two types of bone are usually continuous with one another and are actually different arrangements of the same histological elements.

26
Q

Spongy bone

A
  • found internally generally at the expanded ends of a bone.
  • It consists of a framework of branching fragments (columns of bone), known as trabeculae.
  • The spaces between the spongy bone trabeculae are filled with bone marrow.
27
Q

compact bone

A
  • comprises the external layer of the bone and is thickest along the length of the bone.
  • Composed of a solid sheet of bone tissue organized into structural units called osteons or Haversian systems.
28
Q

osteons (Haversian systems)

A
  • compact bone
  • consists of concentric rings of bone called lamellae around a central (Haversian) canal containing blood vessels and nerves.
29
Q

Bone Blood vessels located in the

A

periosteum

30
Q

connect to the central canals that run longitudinally through the bone

A

perforating (Volkmann) canals

31
Q

networks of small canals that radiate from each lacunae.

A

canaliculi

32
Q

Organic and Inorganic bone

A

Organic = collagin which provides flexibility
-high heat denatures organic components

Inorganic = calcium salts provide hardness
-acid dissolves inorganic

a&p lab (11 decks)

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