Lab 1 Flashcards
Directions:
Anterior/Posterior pairs
Cranial/Caudal Pairs
Internal/External Pairs
Anterior = ventral Posterior = dorsal
Crainal = Superior Caudal = Inferior
Internal = Deep External = Superficial [peripheral]
Medial vs. Lateral
Proximal vs. Distal
- medial/lateral [Medial is closer to midline]
- proximal/distal (specific for limbs ONLY) [Think of attachment point as the fixed point, Proximal is closer to point of attachment, distal is further away more distant from point of attachment]
3 Kinds of cuts
Sagittal Cut
Frontal Cut
Transverse Cut
Sagittal Cut
Sagittal Cut [samuri] =
>midsagittal or median section = cut is made through the midline of the body and divides the body into equal halves
>parasagittal sections
-divides the body into right and left sides
Frontal Cut
Frontal Cut = Coronal [vertical]
-divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Transverse Cut
Transverse Cut = horizontal
-divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
human body has two major internal cavities
dorsal body cavity
ventral body cavity
Dorsal Body cavity contains:
1) the cranial cavity
>hollow part of the skull contains the brain
2) the spinal (vertebral) canal,
>which is a long tubular space contains the spinal cord
Ventral Body cavity contains:
How is it divided?
1) Thoracic Cavity
a) 2 Pleural Cavities (Lungs)
b) Pericardial Cavity (Heart)
—–Divided by the diaphragm—–
2) Abdominopelvic Cavity
a) Abdominal Cavity (stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, small intestine and most of the large intestine)
b) Pelvic Cavity (urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, rectum, uterus and ovaries)
Serous Membrane parts 2
(1) the Viscera Layer: a thin epithelium that covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavity (organs)
(2) the Parietal Layer: a thin epithelium that lines the wall of the cavity. (wall)
Type of membrane covering Heart & Lungs [organ and walls]
• Parietal Pleurae: line the pleural cavities
• Visceral Pleurae: line the lungs
Inflammation of these membranes is called pleurisy.
- Parietal Pericardium: lines pericardial cavity
- Visceral Pericardium: covers the heart.
Peritoneum Membrane And it’s parts/features
• Peritoneum
- lines abdominal cavity
- covers top portion of the urinary bladder
- has double layered folds called mesenteries
> extend from the body wall to the viscera, holding organs in place
• Mesenteries - contain blood vessels and nerves that supply the viscera enclosed by the peritoneum
• parietal peritoneum - lines walls of abdominal cavity
• visceral peritoneum - covers organs in abdominal cavity
• Peritoneal Cavity
-Located between these two layers of peritoneal membrane
- filled with serous fluid
- are intraperitoneal
• Intraperitoneal
-Organs within the peritoneal cavity
-liver, stomach, spleen, most of the S.I. and the colon
•Retroperitoneal
-Abdominal organs lie behind the parietal peritoneum
-pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands, sex organs, urinary bladder, duodenum of the S.I. and ascending and descending colon
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
- How are they divided?
- How Many?
- List
- umbilicus (navel or belly button) pane passes transverse plane and a midsagittal plane
- 4
>right upper quadrant (RUQ),
>left upper quadrant (LUQ)
>right lower quadrant (RLQ)
>left lower quadrant (LLQ)
Which organs are in each quadrant >right upper quadrant (RUQ), >left upper quadrant (LUQ) >right lower quadrant (RLQ) >left lower quadrant (LLQ)
- Right Upper Quadrant: Liver, stomach, gallbladder, duodenum, right kidney, pancreas, and the right adrenal gland.
- Left Upper Quadrant: Liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, and the left adrenal gland.
- Right Lower Quadrant: appendix, reproductive organs, right ureter.
- Left Lower Quadrant: left ureter, reproductive organs
NOTE: All four quadrants contain portions of the small and large intestines.
Whats the condenser
a set of lenses role is to concentrate and direct the light from the light source so that it passes through the slide to the objective lens.
C = C
concensor = concentrated
Whats the iris diaphragm
The iris diaphragm regulates the intensity of the light that passes through the condenser.
Total magnification of Each lens
Total = Occular lens (fixed at 10) x Objective Lens (either 4, 10, 40)
4*10 = 40x 10*10 = 100x 40*10 = 400x
parfocal
parfocal - once the image has been brought into focus under low power, normally it is not necessary to adjust the coarse focus when switching to a higher power
Image Reversal in the Compound Microscope
Image reversal (left to right and top to bottom) is a characteristic feature of the compound microscope that you should be aware of.
Depth of Focus
- low power (4X) objective lens, we would be able to see all three threads clearly in focus at the same time!
- medium power (10X) objective lens, we would only be able to clearly focus on two of the threads at the same time.
- high power (40X) objective lens, we would only be able to clearly focus on one thread!
- as the total magnification of the slide increased, the depth of focus decreased.
- The depth of focus is very limited in the compound microscope, and it is considerably less at higher powers than at low power.
Anatomical Position
4 parts Must be standing erect Must be facing forward Arms must be at sides Palms must be forward
resolution
the ability to distinguish fine details
parfocal
once an object is in focus under low power you only need to use the fine focus lenses to bring it into a crisp focus
once the image has been brought into focus under low power, normally it is not necessary to adjust the coarse focus when switching to a higher power
working distance
the distance from the front lens element of the objective to the closest surface of the coverslip when the specimen is in sharp focus
Do you understand the relationship between total magnification and depth of focus?
is the thickness of the specimen you can get in focus on at any one time. This is higher under lower power.
As total magnification goes up the depth of focus goes down
peripheral
another term for superficial
inflammation of the peritoneum
Inflammation of the pleurae
Heart - pericarditis
Lungs - pleurisy
Abdominal - peritonitis
