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BIOL 2210 > Lab 6 > Flashcards

Lab 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Which species are found within the clade Sauropsida?

A

turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, birds

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2
Q

How are sauropsids distinguished from other amniotes?

A
  • B-keratin

- reduction or absence of supratemporal bones

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3
Q

Crocodilians have what type of skull?

A

diapsid skull with additional fenestrae (antorbital fenestrae and mandibular fenestrae in lower jaw)

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4
Q

How are turtles unique? What type of skull do they have and why?

A
  • shell composed of carapace and plastron (fused bony pieces)
  • anapsid skull (secondarily lost temporal fenestrae)
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5
Q

What are examples of Squamates?

A

-lizards and snakes

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6
Q

What do lizards have that snakes don’t?

A
  • lizards have moveable eyelids and external auditory opening
  • snakes lack both
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7
Q

Birds have what type of skull?

A

diapsid skull

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8
Q

Mammals have what type of skull?

A

Synapsid skull

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9
Q

Anapsid vs Synapsid vs Diapsid skulls

A

Anapsid: no temporal fenestrae
Synapsid: one temporal fenestrae per side
Diapsid: two temporal fenestrae per side

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10
Q

Skeletal modifications and adaptations of extant sauropsids: Lizards

A

streptostyly jaw

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11
Q

Skeletal modifications and adaptations of extant sauropsids: Snakes

A
  • pectoral girdle absent
  • pelvic girdle absent or reduced to spurs
  • zygantra
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12
Q

Skeletal modifications and adaptations of extant sauropsids: Turtles

A
  • sternum absent
  • secondary palate in some
  • plastron and carapace
  • coracoid, procoracoid and scapula of pectoral girdle lie within ribcage
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13
Q

Skeletal modifications and adaptations of extant sauropsids: Crocodiles

A
  • clavicles absent
  • secondary palate
  • gastralia
  • palpebral
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14
Q

Skeletal modifications and adaptations of extant sauropsids: Birds

A
  • teeth absent
  • clavicles fused to form furcula
  • keeled sternum
  • synsacrum
  • fusion of forelimb and hindlimb bones
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15
Q

The amniote vertebral column is divided how?

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal region (from cranial to caudal direction)

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16
Q

What is the function of the ribs in amniotes?

A

muscle attachment, protection of viscera, assist breathing

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17
Q

What do we mean by “true ribs”?

A

ribs that connect to the sternum

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18
Q

What are scutes? How can they be used for identification purposes?

A
  • keratinized scales that form the outer layer of the shell of the turtle
  • number and arrangement of scales are useful characters in identification
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19
Q

What are homologous to reptilian epidermal scutes?

A
  • feathers of birds

- scales on snakes and lizards

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20
Q

Claws evolved from what and when?

A

a specialization of the epidermis that is not found in amphibians but in higher vertebrates

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21
Q

What are the functions of the scales in reptiles?

A
  • to retain water
  • for protection from predators
  • allow for movement on land in snakes
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22
Q

What functions might be associated with coloured scales?

A
  • attracting mates
  • mimicry to ward off predators (think that they are poisonous)
  • camouflage
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23
Q

Function of the sharp ridging on the turtle’s beak?

A
  • since they don’t have teeth, need something to cut through their prey
  • can’t extend their tongue to catch prey so instead use their beak
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24
Q

Which parts of the turtle are fused to the bony plates of the carapace? What might this suggest about their evolution?

A
  • fused with endochondral ribs and vertebrae

- carapace is derived from the ribs

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25
Q

Which parts of the turtle are fused to the plastron?

A

incorporates the only remaining dermal elements of pectoral girdle, clavicles and interclavicles

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26
Q

How do you identify a male turtle from a female turtle?

A

male: anus opens beyond end of carapace, claws on front feet are longer than hind feet, plastron is flat or slightly concave
female: anus opens at or before end of carapace, front and rear claws are both short, plastron is convex

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27
Q

When a snake eats, what happens to the jaw?

A
  • streptosyly jaw

- jaw doesn’t unlock when eating but quadrate swings

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28
Q

Why do some lizards like iguanas have modified scales with spines?

A
  • deter potential predators

- make it look more intimidating

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29
Q

Snakes generally lack limbs. However, boas and pythons have ______?

A

small vestigial hind limbs

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30
Q

Describe the difference in scale pattern on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the snake. What is the function of the shape of the ventral scales?

A

dorsal: longitudinal plates
ventral: large, long, flat shaped to allow for low friction with the ground during locomotion

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31
Q

Snakes do not have an eyelid. What is the structure called that protects their eyes?

A

single clear scute

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32
Q

Can snakes hear airborne sounds?

A

no, they lack a tympanum

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33
Q

How do snakes sense sound?

A

sense vibrations through the ground

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34
Q

How would you describe the body shape, stance and position of crocodilian limbs?

A
  • lizard-like
  • short limbs that are straddled sideways from their body (not directly beneath them like mammals do)
  • semi-erect gait (stance halfway between a horse and a lizard)
  • bipedal (two feet) stance when leaping or jumping to capture prey
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35
Q

What provides propulsion for a swimming crocodile?

A

tail provides all the thrust

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36
Q

What covers the nares of a bird?

A

a fleshy covering called cere

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37
Q

How did feathers evolve in birds?

A

a specialization of the skin unique to birds

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38
Q

What are the various functions of feathers for birds?

A

streamlined surface for flight, insulation, confer pattern and colour important for social behaviours (mating)

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39
Q

Why might birds like vultures not have feathers on their head and neck?

A

feathers are insulating, keeping in lots of heat so having no feathers helps keep them cool

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40
Q

Which feathers of the bird are the largest contour feathers?

A

flight feathers on the wing

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41
Q

What is another name for the tail feathers of a bird?

A

retrices

42
Q

What are the two types of contour feather on the wings of the bird? Name their functions and where they are located.

A

Primary feathers: on the manus, produce thrust

Secondary feathers: on the forearm, produce lift

43
Q

What are the down feathers of the bird? What are their functions?

A

soft and fluffy, lack a rachis, used for insulation, barbules lack hooks and form tangle of air pockets

44
Q

The feet of birds are covered by what?

A

podotheca, a thick skin

45
Q

How many toes does a bird have, and what is special about one of them?

A

4 toes with one pointing backwards called the halux

46
Q

Do birds have scales?

A

yes, epidermal scales on feet and legs

47
Q

Why do birds have claws?

A
  • perching
  • cimbing trees
  • carrying food
  • manipulating food
48
Q

Why do birds that can fly have asymmetrical wing and tail feathers?

A

confers rigidity on the leading edge

49
Q

What is the difference between the calamus and rachis of the feather of the bird?

A

calamus=is at the base of the feather and lies beneath the skin
rachis=lies above the skin and is solid

50
Q

The stapes of the turtle are homologous to what?

A

homologous with the hyomandibular of fish

51
Q

What forms the jaw suspension in turtles?

A

articular and quadrate of lower jaw

52
Q

Through what structure does the spinal cord of the turtle enter its skull?

A

spinal cord enters the caudal end of the skull via the foramen magnum

53
Q

What is the function of the flange on the supraoccipital of the turtle?

A

for shock resistance

54
Q

How many occipital condyles does a turtle have?

A

one

55
Q

What kind of joint is formed by the occipital condyles articulating with the atlas in a turtle? What motions can occur around this joint?

A
  • atlanto-occipital joint=synovial type joint

- forward and backward nodding of the head, lateral movement

56
Q

What part of the pterygoid is a reptilian characteristic?

A

ventrolateral flanges of the pterygoid

57
Q

What is a choana in the turtle?

A

the internal opening of the nasal cavity

58
Q

What forms most of the floor of the orbit of the turtle?

A

the palatines

59
Q

How is the nasal cavity enclosed in the turtle?

A

a ventromedial flange of the maxilla which articulates with the ventral plate of the vomer anteriorly and the ventral plate of the palatine posteriorly

60
Q

What is the function of the secondary palate in marine turtles and crocodilians?

A
  • divides nasal cavity and oral cavity
  • segregates airflow in the mouth when submerged in water
  • allows for simultaneous breathing and chewing in water
61
Q

The coronoid of the turtle has a coronoid eminence on it. What is its function?

A

allows for muscle attachment

62
Q

With what does the articular articulate with to open and close the lower jaw of the turtle?

A

articulates with the quadrate

63
Q

The hyoid apparatus is composed of? What are they derived from and homologous to?

A
  • derived from hyoid and branchial arches of fish
    1) corpus is homologous to basihyal and basibranchial of fish
    2) cornua is homologous to first and second ceratobranchials
64
Q

The humerus of the turtle articulates with what?

A

glenoid fossa

65
Q

How many digits and metacarpals does a turtle have?

A

five

66
Q

What is the articular socket for the head of the femur? What bones also contribute to this structure?

A
  • Acetabulum

- pubis and ischium

67
Q

What is the main difference between the caiman skull (crocodilian) vs a turtle skull?

A
  • crocodillian bones in the skull are much more elongated (especially snout) than the turtle
  • bones like the premaxilla, maxilla, nasal, frontals are all elongated forming a long thin snout
68
Q

What is the function of the palpebral in crocodilians?

A
  • a small bone glued to prefrontal
  • embedded in eyelid
  • gives eye some added protection
69
Q

Compared to the turtle, the crocodilian’s secondary palate also includes what structure?

A

-pterygoid through which the choanae open

vomer is not visible in ventral view

70
Q

What are gastralia?

A
  • floating dermal ribs
  • only found in crocodilians
  • provide support for the abdomen and attachment points for abdominal muscles
71
Q

Lizards have lost the entire lower bar of the inferior temporal fenstrae (crocodilians still have this bar). What does this permit?

A

permits greater mobility of the quadrate with the skull

72
Q

The tympanum attaches to the quadrate. How is the quadrate adapted for attachment of the tympanum?

A

it is concave to allow the tympanum to sit inside of the quadrate

73
Q

True or false? Lizards have a secondary palate.

A

False

74
Q

Compared to crocodilians, the lizard skull is different how?

A
  • no secondary palate
  • smaller
  • reduced squamosal
  • superior temporal fenestra is larger
  • more pronounced coronoid forming a distinct process
  • splenial reduced
75
Q

On what bones do you find teeth on the lizard skull?

A

dentary, maxilla and premaxilla

76
Q

Lizards exhibit a phenomenon called streptostyly. What does this mean?

A
  • as lower jaw drops, quadrate swings forward and snout rotates downward
  • increases size of gape and keeps jaws more parallel for more effecient feeding
  • maintains tension on tympanum
77
Q

In venomous snakes, what is different about their teeth?

A
  • have curved fangs to inject venom into their prey

- fangs incline forward and tips are favourably positioned for strike

78
Q

Snout kinesis in snakes is aided by what structure? Jaw mobility?

A
  • mobility of prefrontal relative to skull roof

- elongation of the quadrates and pterygoids

79
Q

True or false? Snakes have lost both temporal arches.

A

True

80
Q

The compound bone of snakes is formed by what?

A

fusion of the articular and prearticular

81
Q

What additional intervertebral articulations are seen in the snake to strengthen the vertebral column? Function?

A
  • zygantra

- additional zygapophyses that interlock and add additional protection against twisting of vertebral column

82
Q

What are pneumatized long bones in the birds?

A

bones of skeleton that contain air spaces and lack marrow, light for flight

83
Q

How did birds reduce their weight considerably for flight?

A
  • pneumatized bone of skeleton
  • light bones in skull
  • lack of teeth in beak
84
Q

The upper beak of the bird meets the skull due to what flexible hinge?

A

craniofacial hinge

85
Q

How do birds have cranial kinesis?

A

upper jaw is raised at the same time that the lower jaw is depressed

86
Q

What allows for the head of the bird to rotate freely?

A
  • the atlas has a notch on ventral surface of its posterior end that receives the dens of the axis
  • peg like projections allow for free rotation
  • birds can reach all areas of their body
87
Q

What is the synsacrum of the bird?

A

fusion of some of the thoracic vertebrae with all the lumbar vertebrae

88
Q

Which feathers attach to the pygostyle?

A

retrices (tail feathers)

89
Q

Name three strong pectoral girdle bones of the bird. Function?

A

scapula, coracoids, clavicle prevent collapse of the chest cavity during wing beats

90
Q

The pelvic girdle and synsacrum provide a high surface area for what?

A

muscle attachment

91
Q

What gives the birds skeleton rigidity?

A

keel-shaped sternum

92
Q

How would you be able to identify a bird that cannot fly?

A

a bird without a keel cannot fly

93
Q

What is the process of ecdysis?

A

in snakes, they shed their old SKIN (not scales!) to replace it with newer skin

94
Q

What is a shared similarity between birds and turtles?

A

both have no teeth

95
Q

What are the roles of temporal fenestrae in crocodilians?

A

holes that allow for muscle attachment of the jaw

-allows muscles to pass through and connect to the other side of the skull

96
Q

Match.
Amniotes, Archosaurs, Lepidosaurs, Sauropsids, Testudines

Overlapping scales, shelled egg with extraembryonic membranes, fenestra anterior to orbit, loss of fenestrae, beta keratin present and supratemporal bones small or absent

A

Lepidosaurs-overlapping scales
Amniotes-shelled egg with extraembryonic membranes
Archosaurs-fenestra anterior to orbit (Crocodilians and birds)
Testudines-loss of fenestrae (turtles)
Sauropsids-beta keratin present and supratemporal bones small or absent (lizards and snakes)

97
Q

Match.
Turtles, Crocodiles, Birds, Snakes, Lizards

Compound bone, Furcula, Gastralia, Streptosyly, Plastron

A 
Turtles-plastron
Crocodiles-gastralia
Birds-furcula
Snakes-compound bone
Lizards-streptostyly
98
Q

Match.
Furcula, Gastralia, Synsacrum, Lateral fenestrae, Scutes

Opening which lightens lower jaw, support abdomen, fused coracoids and clavicles, fused thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, shell scales

A

Furcula-Fused coracoids and clavicles
Gastralia-supports abdomen
Synsacrum-fused thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
Lateral fenestrae-opening which lightens lower jaw
Scutes-shell scales

99
Q

What is the role of the atlas in birds?

A

with dens, it allows head rotation

100
Q

How many occipital condyles does a turtle have?

A

only one

101
Q

The position of the nares on crocodilian allows what?

A

allows the animal to breath while being almost completely submerged in the water

102
Q

Match for structure of lizards.
Coronoid process, retroarticular process, squamosal, quadrate

Site of muscle attachment, swings forward during streptostyly, site of muscle attachment, articulates with the quadrate

A

Coronoid process-site of muscle attachment
Retroarticular process-site of muscle attachment
Squamosal-articulates with the quadrate
Quadrate-swings forward during streptostyly

BIOL 2210 (8 decks)

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