Lab 5 - Superficial Neck, Nose, and Oral Cavity Flashcards
1
Q
Oral Cavity
A
- opens anteriorly at oral fissure
- roof - hard palate
- floor - tongue and associated mucosa
- lateral walls - cheeks
- ends posteriorly at the oropharyngeal isthmus (narrowing that leads to the oropharynx)
- guarded by the soft palate
2
Q
soft palate
A
- raised in swallowing to isolate the oropharynx from the nasopharynx
- ensures that food proceeds towards the digestive tract and not up to the nasal cavity
- the uvula is an extension of the soft palate in the midline
3
Q
Oral Vestibule
A
- the space outside the teeth
- bounded by the lips and cheeks externally and teeth and gums (gingiva) internally
- (space between clothed teeth and lips)
4
Q
Oral Cavity Proper
A
- the space contained within the alveolar processes and teeth
- (space behind the closed teeth)
5
Q
Superior and Inferior labial frenulum
A
- superior labial frenulum - fold of mucous membrane along the midline connecting the upper lip to the gingiva
- inferior labial frenulum - fold of mucous membrane along the midline connecting the lower lip to the gingiva
6
Q
palatoglossal fold
A
- anterior member of each pair of mucosal folds
- aka anterior pillar
- created by underlying palatoglossus muscle and its mucosa
7
Q
Palatopharyngeal fold
A
- aka posterior pillar
- created by the palatopharyngeus muscle and its mucosa
8
Q
palatine tonsil
A
- found between the palatoglossal and patalopharyngeal folds
- largest in children and atrophy with age
- a bundle of lymphatic tissue
9
Q
Palatoglossus muscle
A
- muscle extending from the soft palate to the tongue
- functions with palatopharyngeus to close the oropharyngeal isthmus but depressing the soft palate and pulling their respective folds toward the midline
- elevates the tongue
10
Q
palatopharyngeus muscle
A
- muscle extending from the soft palate to the wall of the pharynx
- functions with palatopharyngeus to close the oropharyngeal isthmus but depressing the soft palate and pulling their respective folds toward the midline
- elevates the pharynx
11
Q
Muscles of the Soft Palate
A
- TVP - Tensor Veli Palitini Muscle
- LVP - Levator Veli palitini muscle
- Musculus uvula
- Palatoglossus (also tongue)
- Palatopharyngeus (also pahrynx)
- All are innervated by CNX except TVP (CNV3)
12
Q
Sulcus Terminalis
A
divides anterior 2/3 of the tongue from posterior 1/3
13
Q
Muscles of the Tongue
A
- 4 Intrinsic Muscles control shape
- 4 Extrinsic muscles control position
- Genioglossus - originates from chin (mandible, important for sticking out the tongue
- styloglossus - originates from styloid process of the temporal bone
- hyoglossus - originates from the hyoid bone
- palatoglossus - originates from the soft palate
All innervated by CNXII
14
Q
Innervation of the Tongue
5 cranial nerves
A
- Trigeminal Nerve (CN V3) –> lingual nerve, general sensation, anterior 2/3
- Facial Nerve (CN VII) –> chorda tympani, special sensation, anterior 2/3
- Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) –> General AND special sensation, **posterior 1/3 **
- Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII) –> motor, exception palatoglossus
- Vagus Nerve (CN X) - motor, Palatoglossus
15
Q
Salivary Glands
A
- 3 pairs
- Parotid Gland - drains via parotid duct (Stensens duct) –> oral vestibule near 2nd maxillary molar
- Submandibular - drains via submandibular duct (Whartons duct) –> sublingual caruncle under tongue
- Sublingual - drains via mutliple sublingual ducts to multiple holes in sublingual fold under the tongue
16
Q
Parts of the Nasal Passage
entrance, walls, floor, roof, exit
A
- entrance - nares (nostrils)
- Lateral wall - 3 conchae and 3 meatuses
- medial wall - nasal septum
- floor - hard palate
- roof (anterior to posterior) Nasal bone,** Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone**, sphenoid bone
- exit - choanae, the opening between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx. Posterior nasal apertures separated by the vomer
17
Q
Nasal Passage - Conchae
A
- projections from the lateral wall medially
- 3 functions :
- increase surface area
- condition air - humidify, filter, warm
- create turbulence to increase air and mucosa contact
18
Q
Nasal Passage - Meatuses
A
- 3 meatuses corresponding with the conchae
- superior
- middle
- inferior
- they are underneath the conchae
19
Q
think superior conchae
Spheno-ethmoid recess
A
- this is the recess above the superior conchae
- Olfaction is restricted to this mucosa and the mucosa of the superior concha
20
Q
Nasal Passage - Bones of the Lateral Wall
A
- body of the sphenoid bone - part of the roof
- Hard palate - palatine process of the maxillary bone is anterior portion, horizontal process of the palatine bone
- nasal bone - most anterior portion of the nose
- cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
- cartilage
21
Q
Semilunar Hiatus
A
- important for the para nasal sinuses
- found underneath the middle conchae
- opening of the anterior ethmoidal air cells
22
Q
Ethmoidal bulla
A
- protrusion found between underneath the middle conchae, above the semilunar hiatus
- opening for the middle ethmoidal air cells
23
Q
Ethmoidal bulla
A
- protrusion found between underneath the middle conchae, above the semilunar hiatus
- opening for the **middle ethmoidal air cells **
24
Q
sphenopalatine foramen
A
- location where pterygopalatine fossa communicates with the nose
25
Nerve Supply to Nasal Cavity
- lateral nasal branches
- nasopalatine branch of V2
- incisive foramen
- anterior ethmoidal nerve (branch of V1)
26
Trigeminal Nerve - Maxillary V2
- innervates the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
- travels laterally to medially to the nasal septum,
- travels through the incisive foramen to innervate the anterior hard palate
-
27
Trigeminal nerve - Opthalmic Division V1
- anterior ethmoid nerves
- innervates the anterior part of the nose
28
Maxillar artery
- **sphenopalatine artery** branches from maxillary artery after passing through the sphenopalatine foramen
- provides branches to the septum
**- Keisselbach's Plexus (Little's Area):**
1. Septal branches of the sphenopalatine artery
2. ethmoidal branches of the opthalmic artery
3. facial artery
4. greater palatine artery - this travels through the incisive foramen to innervate the hard palate
- This area is prone to nosebleeds (epistaxis)
29
Blood Supply to the Nasal Cavity
- maxillary artery
- sphenopalatine artery
- lateral nasal branches
- Septal branches of the sphenopalatine artery
- ethmoidal branches of the opthalmic artery
- facial artery
- greater palatine artery
30
Tensor Levi Palatini Muscle (TVP)
- originates from the lateral surface of medial pterygoid plate
- found more laterally than LVP
- hooks over the pterygoid hamulus
- functions to stiffen the soft palate to open pharyngotympanic tube during swallowing
- innervated by CN V3
31
Pterygoid Hamulus
- loops underneath bone into soft palette and then blends into tendon on the contralateral side
32
Pterygoid Hamulus
- loops underneath bone into soft palette and then blends into tendon on the contralateral side
33
Levator Levi Palatini Muscle
- only muscle that can raise soft palate to isolate the oral cavity from the nasal cavity during swallowing
- innervated by CN X
34
Superficial Neck Muscles
- Platysma
- SCM
- Levator Scapulae
- Scalenes (upper branches of the brachial plexus pass between the anterior and middle scalene muscles)
- Trapezius
35
Platysma
extends from superficial fascia in the thorax to the mandible
36
SCM
- innervated by Accessory nerve XI
- 2 heads :
- Anterior head - extends from mastoid process to the manubrium of the sternum
- Posterior head - extends from the mastoid process to the medial clavicle
- SCM divides neck into 2 triangles
- extension of the head and flexing the neck
- oblique rotation of the head (side to side)
37
Anterior and Posterior Triangles of the Neck
- created by the SCM
**Anterior Triangle** --> upside down triangle, Borders:
- midline of neck medially
- anterior border of the SCM laterally
- inferior border of the mandible superiorly
**Posterior Triangle** --> right side up triangle, Borders:
- posterior border of the SCM anteriorly
- superior border of the trapezius posteriorly
- middle 1/3 of the clavicle inferiorly
- CN XI passes through the posterior triangle to innervate SCM and trapezius
38
Deep Neck Muscles
**suprahyoid muscles**
- digastric
- mylohyoid
- stylohyoid
- geniohyoid
Primary function of these muscles is to depress the hyoid bone during speech and swallowing
**infrahypoid muscles**
- sternohyoid
- sternothyoid
- thyrohyoid
- omohyoid
Primary function is to elevate the larynx during swalling and speech
- All innervated by the **ansa Cervicalis ** which contains branches of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd cervical spinal nerves
39
Sternohyoid
- infrahyoid muscle
- sternum to hyoid bone
- hides 2 muscles underneath
40
Sternothyroid
- hidden under sternohyoid
- extends from sternum to thyroid
41
Thyrohyoid
- hidden under sternohyoid
- extends from thyroid to hypoid bone
42
Omohyoid
Superior Belly
- extends from hyoid to a tendon anterior to the jugular vein
Inferior Belly
- extends from tendon to underneath the scapula
43
Digastric
- 2 bellies spearated by a tendon attached to the hyoid bone
Anterior Belly
- innervated by CN V3
- chin to tendon
Posterior Belly
- innervated by CN VII
- tendon to medial surface of mastoid notch
44
Mylohyoid
- Deep to the anterior digastric
- innervated by CN V3
45
Stylohyoid
- superior to posterior belly of the digastric
- tracks with the posterior belly of the digastric
- styloid process to hyoid bone
