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YR2 Physio > Lab 5: Membrane Potential > Flashcards

Lab 5: Membrane Potential Flashcards

1
Q

Actual MR:

  • Could not exceed the aerobic MR
  • Of one individual could be lower than BMR of another individual
  • OF one individual could be higher than BMR of another individual
  • For the same individual must be higher than his/her BMR
A

Actual MR:

  • Could not exceed the aerobic MR
  • Of one individual could be lower than BMR of another individual
  • OF one individual could be higher than BMR of another individual
  • For the same individual must be higher than his/her BMR
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2
Q

Energetic equivalent (EE):

A
  • Is the equivalent relating the released energy and O2 mass
  • Tells us how much energy is released utilizing 1 L of O2
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3
Q

Which is/are likely results of MR measurement in lab?

  • 10% above BMR
  • 15% of BMR
  • 6000KJ/day for a female student
  • 100W for a male student
A

Which is/are likely results of MR measurement in lab?

  • 10% above BMR
  • 15% of BMR
  • 6000KJ/day for a female student
  • 100W for a male student
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4
Q

In long-term perspective (months), how much energy is approximately released by metabolism compared to energy intake (food)?

  • 100% intake should equal output
  • 66%
  • 33%
  • 0%
A

In long-term perspective (months), how much energy is approximately released by metabolism compared to energy intake (food)?

  • 100% intake should equal output
  • 66%
  • 33%
  • 0%

?????

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5
Q

O2 stored in body:

  • Is negligible compared to daily need (less than 1%)
  • Accounts for 500ml
  • Would cover O2 consumption for less than 10 minutes
A

O2 stored in body:

  • Is negligible compared to daily need (less than 1%)
  • Accounts for 500ml
  • Would cover O2 consumption for less than 10 minutes
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6
Q

Suppose O2 consumption 400ml/min, cardiac output 8L/min. Oxygen saturation of mixed venous blood would be:

  • 75%
  • 150ml O2/L blood
  • Same as typically at rest
  • Higher if 100% O2 would be inhaled

?

A
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7
Q

Which was/were the substantial risk of BMR measurement for rat in closed metabolimeter?

  • O2 deficiency
  • Overheating
  • CO2 build-up
  • Anesthesia

?

A

Which was/were the substantial risk of BMR measurement for rat in closed metabolimeter?

  • O2 deficiency
  • Overheating
  • CO2 build-up
  • Anesthesia
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8
Q

Basal metabolism:

  • Could even be lower than expected table value
  • Is significantly lower for people living in higher attitudes (5km) due to lower O2 conc.
  • Is significantly lower for people living in higher attitudes (5km) due to colder climate there
  • Could only be measured in physiological individuals
A
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9
Q

Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism could equal:

  • Under basal conditions
  • During heavy exercise
  • In childhood only
  • Only for short period of time
A
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10
Q

Amount of O2 in classroom 6*5*3,3 m (w l h, assume our classroom):

  • Is cca 100 000 L
  • Is sufficient for resting metabolism of a man for about a week
  • May vary
  • Would drop by cca 10% at end of 3-hour lab, if classroom is sealed (airproof) and 10 people would attend (all time)
A
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11
Q

Climbing uphill compared to BMR:

  • Could increase actual metabolic rate x5
  • Could increase actual metabolic rate x20
  • Prevents metabolic rate to be measured directly from heat production
  • Cannot be estimated only by O2 consumption
A
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12
Q

Thermoneutral condtion for BM required:

  • To reduce max energetic needs for thermoregulation
A

*

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13
Q

Fasting preceding BM measurement required due:

  • To expenditure of additional energy to digest (reasborb) food
  • To expenditure of additional energy to store resorbed food
  • To possible intake of nutrients of high energy content
  • To changes of respiratory quotient (RQ)
A
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14
Q

MR:

  • Depends on oxygen that is delivered to the tissue
  • Linearly depends on O2 conc. in air (pO2 10kPa-100) ?????
  • Linearly depends on CO2 conc. in air (pCO2 0Kpa-100)
  • Linearly depends on E content of received nutrients
A
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15
Q

Indirect calorimetry:

  • O2 consumption is linearly related to MR only if measured for longer than 5 minutes
  • O2 consumption is linearlye related to MR only if basal metabolism measured
A
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16
Q

Method used to measure MR in class:

  • Could only be properly evaluated if atmosphere pressure + ambient temperature are known
  • Body volume must be known to get proper O2 consumption in rat
  • Need O2 sensor
A
17
Q

Individual can gain weight:

  • If MR is less than energy content of received food
  • If BMR is less than energy content of received food
A
18
Q

Energy received in food:

  • Could be higher than MR per day
  • Could be lower than actual MR per day
  • Could be 300% depending on occupation (activity)
A
19
Q

Amount of O2 in classroom:

  • Is sufficient for resting metabolism of man for about a week
  • Can vary if classroom is empty
A
20
Q

All the following factors increase BMR except:

  • Age
  • Anxiety
  • Increase of body temperature
  • Decrease of the body temperature
  • Body surface
A
21
Q

Metabolism Definition

A

•Sum of all physical and chemical reactions in the body in order to sustain life

22
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): X calories per mole under standard condition?

A

ATP releases 7,300 calories per mole under standard conditions but as much as 12,000 calories under physiological conditions, which is vested in each of its two high-energy phosphate bonds.

Some chemical reactions that require ATP energy use only a few hundred of the available 12,000 calories and the remained of this energy is lost in the form of heat.

23
Q

ATP is generated by combustion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins…

Combustion of carbohydrates:

A

mainly glucose but other sugars such as fructose through glycolysis in the cytoplasm and the citric acid cycle in the mitochondria.

24
Q

ATP is generated by combustion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins…

Combustion of fatty acids:

A

Combustion of fatty acids in the cell mitochondria by beta-oxidation.

25
Q

ATP is generated by combustion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins…

Combustion of proteins:

A

Combustion of proteins which requires hydrolysis to their component amino acids and degradation of amino acids to intermediate compounds of the citric acid cycle and then to acetyl coenzyme A and carbon dioxide.

26
Q

Phosphocreatine

A
  • Phosphocreatine also contains high-energy phosphate bonds and is three to eight more times more abundant than ATP.
  • Also the high-energy bond of phosphocreatine contains about 8500 calories per mole under standard conditions and as many as 13,000 calories per mole under conditions in the body.
  • Unlike ATP, phosphocreatine cannot act as a direct coupling agent for energy transfer between food and the functional cellular systems but it can transfer energy interchangeably with ATP.
  • When extra amount of ATP are found in the cell they are used to create phosphocreatine building up a store.
  • Then when ATP begins to get used up the energy in the phosphocreatine is transferred rapidly back to ATP and then to the functional systems of the cells.
27
Q

Carbohydrates

A
28
Q

Lipids

A
29
Q

Protiens

A
30
Q

Stages of fasting

A
31
Q

Metabolic Rate

A

•The rate of heat liberation/metabolism during chemical reactions per unit time

32
Q

Types of MR

A
  1. Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
  2. Resting metabolic rate (RMR)
33
Q

What influences the MR?

A

increases:

  • Age
  • Gender
  • Exercise
  • Thyroid hormone
  • Testosterone
  • Growth hormone
  • Sympathetic stimulation
  • Fever

Decreases

  • Sleep
  • Malnutrition
  • Exercise: You need more energy. The factor that most dramatically increases metabolic rate is strenuous exercise. Maximal muscle exercise can increase the overall heat production of the body for a few seconds to about 50x normal or about 20x normal for more sustained exercise in a well trained individual.
  • Fever: Increases MR. Increases the chemical reactions of the body by about 120% for every 10°C rise in temperature.
  • Sleep: Decreases MR. MR decreases 10 to 15 % below normal during sleep. This fall is due to two principal factors:
    • 1.Decreased tone of the skeletal musculature during sleep.
    • 2.Decreased activity of the central nervous system.
  • Progesterone: When a woman enters the luteal phase of her menstrual cycle, her BMR will increase by 9%. Presumably, it happens due to elevation of progesterone hormone secretion by the corpus luteum.

YR2 Physio (7 decks)

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