LAB 5 Flashcards
Name the structural characteristics (types of tissue)
fibrous joints
cartilaginous joints
synovial joints
Name the functional characteristic of the joints
Synarthroses = immobile
Amphiarthroses = limited mobility
Diarthroses = freely mobile
Name the subcategories, range of motion, and provide an example of fibrous joints
Suture = synarthroses.
Ex. found on the skull.
Gomphosis = synarthroses.
Ex. tooth attach within the jaw.
Syndesmosis = amphiarthroses.
Ex. interosseous membrane (found between radius and ulna)
Name the subcategories, range of motion, and provide an example of cartilaginous joints
Synchondrosis = synarthroses. Where bones are joined together by hyaline cartilage. can be permanent or temporary.
Ex. of permanent = found on thoracic cage (hyaline cartilage on ends of ribs)
Ex. of temporary = epiphyseal plate
Symphysis = amphiarthroses. Where bones are joined together by fibrocartilage. Bones are joined by a joint to close a narrow or wide gap.
Ex. pubic symphysis
Name the subcategories, range of motion, and provide an example of synovial joints
- All have diarthroses range of movement.*
- All have a joint cavity that contains the synovial fluid which enriches and lubricates the articular cartilage that the articulating bones come into contact with.*
- On outer articulating surfaces, bones are connected by ligaments. (fibrous connective tissue; ligaments allow for movement but limit the range of motion).*
Pivot Joint (uniaxial) = Allows for rotation only. Lateral and medial rotation of the head. Ex. found between the C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) vertebrae.
Saddle Joint (biaxial) = Resembles saddle on horseback. Opposing articular surfaces with a reciprocal concave/convex shape. Can go side to side, forward and back. Ex. first carpometacarpal joint (opposable thumbs).
Hinge Joint (uniaxial) = Permits movement in one plane. Usually flexion and extension. Ex. elbow joint .
Condylar Joint (biaxial) = Contains convex surface which articulates with an oval concave cavity. Ex. knuckle joints (metacarpalphalangeal joint).
Plane Joint (nonaxial) = Articular surfaces are relatively flat, allowing the bones to glide over one another. Ex. intercarpal joints.
Ball & Socket Joint (multiaxial) = Ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone.
Ex. coxal joint, glenohumeral joint.
Describe the structure and function of the knee joint.
3 articulations: femoropatellar joint (between patella and distal femur); medial/lateral tibiofemoral joint (between medial/lateral condyles of femur and medial/lateral condyles of tibia
Function: to weight bear in its extended position. Is vulnerable to injuries associated with hyperextension, twisting, or blows to the medial/lateral side of the joint.
The medial/lateral menisci are two articular discs (between articulating surfaces of the the femur and tibia) made of fibrocartilage that provides padding between the bones and fill the gap between the round femoral condyles and flattened tibial condyles.
What are the ligaments outside the knee joint? And what is the function
(work to stabilize and support the extended knee; prevent side-to-side or rotational motions between femur and tibia):
1) Fibular collateral ligament = on the lateral side.
2) Tibial collateral ligament = on the medial side.
3) patellar ligament = on ligament
What are the ligaments inside the knee joint?
Inside the knee there are 2 cruciate ligaments (run diagonally upward to attach to the inner aspect of a femoral condyle; prevents femur from sliding anteriorly off the top of the tibia; named for the x-shape formed as they pass each other):
1) Anterior cruciate ligament
2) Posterior cruciate ligament (stronger; supports the knee when it is flexed and weight bearing).
What is the patellar ligament and what is the quadriceps tendon?
Continuing from the patella to the anterior tibia just below the knee is the patellar ligament.
Acting via the patella and patellar ligament, the quadriceps femoris is a powerful muscle that acts to extend the knee, important for support and stabilization for the knee joint.
Describe the structure and function and give an example of the 5 classifications of bones.
1) Long bones = longer than it is wide. Function as levers; they move when muscles contract.
Ex. femur
2) Short bones = cube-like in shape. Provides stability and support as well as some limited motion (amphiarthroses).
Ex. carpal bones
3) Flat bones = thin and curved. Points of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs.
Ex. sternum
4) Sesamoid bones = small round bone; they are formed in tendons; protect tendons by overcoming compressive forces.
Ex. patella
5) Irregular bones = have complex shapes; makes up many facial bones; support the spinal cord and protects it from compressive forces.
Ex. vertebral column
Identify and locate the 3 major types of skeletal cartilages (connective tissues):
1) Hyaline cartilage = reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber.
Ex. found on ribcage; ends of long bones.
2) Elastic cartilage = provides flexibility.
Ex. Ear and epiglottis.
3) Fibrocartilage = absorb shock and prevent compression.
Ex. intervertebral discs (seperate vertebrae)
List the 5 functions of the skeletal system:
supporting the body
facilitating movement
protecting internal organs
producing blood cells
storing and releasing minerals and fat
