Lab 4 cranial nerves/ BG Flashcards
where are some of the structures that cranial nerves innervate?
head, neck (obvi), thorax and abdominal cavity
which cranial nerves arise from the forebrain (telencephalon and diencephalon)
olfactory and optic, respectively.
which cranial nerves arise from the midbrain?
oculomotor and trochlear
name some functions of the cranial nerves
eye movements, swallowing, respiration, speech, facial expression,
the four cranial nerves that come from pons are
trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear
four cranial nerves from medulla/spinal cord are
glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal
damage to olfactory cortex (aka area tempestus) results it
olfactory seizures
what does the optic nerve do
take info from eyes and bring it to LGN
the occularmotor nerve does what
controls the movements of the eye via 2 systems: somatic motor component controls eye tracking and the visceral motor component controls pupil size
olfactory nerves, after entering the cribiform plate, are surrounded by
menengies
what is Papilledema
a swelling of the optic disc due to an increase in intracranial pressure.
what might papilledema cause?
a distortion of the optic disc in the retina; this interferes with vision and may produce blindness if it occurs for an extended period of time.
how does the LGN communicate with primary visual cortex?
optic radiations
damage to cranial nerve 3 would result in
drooping eyelids, pupil dilation
what does the trochlear nerve do?
eye movement (up and down) controls the superior oblique muscles of the eye
what are some special things about the trochlear nerve?
smallest nerve, also longest intracranial course of all nerves, only one to exit from dorsal aspect of bs … lesions produce double vision
what is the function of the trigeminal nerve?
jaw movements, and somatosensory info from head
damage to the trigeminal nerve could result in
loss of sensation (anesthesia) with the extent comensurate to the damage
what is tic douloureux?
stabbing pain in the side of the face as a result of damage to trigeminal nerve (eg aneurysm)
optic nerve carries axons from which cells?
retinal ganglion cells
what is the function of the abducens nerve
innervates muscles which move the eye away from the midline
lesions to the abducens produce
eyes rotating towards nose; double vision
what is the function of the facial nerve
innervates muslces of maticulation (but instead of chewing/swallowing like trigeminel nerve, this is for FACIAL EXPRESSION) it also has a sensory component, gets taste info from soft pallet/first 2/3 on tongue
nerve damage/inflammation/swelling of the facial nerve can cause
bells palsy (weakening of half the muscles on the face) can be treated with cortiocsteroirds (anti inflammatory)
how do you percieve your heads position in space
- the vestibular branch carries information from hair cells in the vestibular apparatus to nuclei in the pons/medulla, then the cochlear branch arises from neurons lying in the cochlear ganglion; they receive information from the hair cells in the ear and send it along to cochlear nuclei in the pons/medulla.
damage to cranial nerve 8 can produce
tenitis (ringing) , loss of hearing, nausea, vertigo, disequilibrium
what does the Glossopharyngeal Nerve innervate?
neck mucles and paratoid gland (saliva and digestive enzymes are produced here)
somatosensory info from the back of the tonuge, pharynx, tonsils, and carotoid sinus are conveyed by
the glossopharyngeal nerve
why is the vagus nerve so important ? Hint:what is vagus latin for
L. Wanderer, it’s widespread innervation baby
what’s the sensory function of cranial nerve 10?
info from meningies and throat
motor component of the vagus nerve innervates?
digestive tract and stomach viscera, lungs, slows heart rate (parasympathetic)
damage to the vagus is usually due to
vascular damage to the cranium
vagal damage can result in
racing heart, forcible contractions of heart, slowed respiration, a sense of suffocation, speech impairments, and loss of sensation to the soft palate and pharynx.
CN 11 has cranial AND spinal roots. It is…
accessory spinal nerve
throat and neck muscles are controlled by
accessory spinal nerve. Damage results in weakness when turning to contralateral side
hypoglossal nerve innervates
tongue muscles
tongue paralysis on one side indicates ___ total tongue paralyisis indicates
damge to hypoglossal nerve; damage to nerve origin (medullary nuclei)
the basal ganglia includes which structures?
striatum (caud/putamen) globus pallidus, substansia nigra, VL thal, subthalamic nuclei
what is the general function of the BG
volitional movement, reward, cognition, integrates goals w movement, HABIT (nondeclaritive memory 8 arm test)
internal capsule is to vertical as ____ is to horizontal
corpus callosum
the SNR contains two divisions for DA and GABA. They are…?
pars compacta; zona reticulada
IN PD, less DA to striatum effects movement by…?
less input to striatum means less inhibition of GP, which communicates GABAergically to thalamus. This influx of gaba to thalamus is what prevents motor outputs (thalamus exites cortex)
ALL DA receptors are what class
metabotropic (2nd messenger systems)
the medial forebrain bundle contains which pathways
meso-accumbens, striatal, limbic,
a rat with lesions to DMT could do which version of the 8 arm test, lit or unlit?
LIT. If light signals food, you don’t have to remember shit. Rats w lesions to BG can’t form the habit of going down the light, but they can do the more difficult version fine
what are the three divisions of the amygdala, and what do they do?
BLA - emotional tagging
centromedial n. - autonomic behaviors/addiction
cortical n. - olfaction/sexual behavior (pheromone sensors)
