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Biology Lab > Lab 4 > Flashcards

Lab 4 Flashcards

DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis

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1
Q

What is the five-carbon sugar called in DNA?

A

deoxyribose

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2
Q

Where is the phosphate group attached in DNA

A

to the 5’ carbon of deoxyribose

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3
Q

Where is the nitrogenous base attached?

A

to the 1’ carbon deoxyribose

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4
Q

What are the two types of nucleotide bases?

A

Purines and Pyrimidines

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5
Q

What nitrogenous bases are purines?

A

adenine and guanine

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6
Q

What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?

A

thymine and cytosine

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7
Q

What kind of nitrogenous bases are adenine and guanine?

A

Purines

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8
Q

What kind of nitrogenous bases are thymine and cytosine?

A

Pyrimdines

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9
Q

In what direction are DNA strands read?

A

From 3’ to 5’

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10
Q

In what direction are DNA chains synthesized?

A

From 5’ to 3’

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11
Q

In what phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

A

The S phase of interphase

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12
Q

What is a template?

A

Two chains of nucleotides that have been unwound for replication

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13
Q

Which enzyme separates the DNA strands for replication?

A

DNA helicase

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14
Q

Which enzymes joins complementary base pairs to each template?

A

DNA polymerase

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15
Q

What are Okazaki Fragments?

A

The short chains that are discontinuously synthesized to the lagging strand.

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16
Q

What is the final product of DNA replication?

A

2 sister chromatids

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17
Q

What type of replication is DNA synthesis?

A

Semi-conservative replication

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18
Q

What enzyme “glues” the Okazaki fragments together?

A

DNA ligase

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19
Q

What is Ribosomal RNA?

A

A structural component of ribosomes

20
Q

What is a triplet code?

A

Three-base code in DNA

21
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG

22
Q

What is the role of RNA polymerase?

A

This enzymes binds to the DNA and opens up the helix.

23
Q

What base pairs does the RNA polymerase complex recognize?

A

A-T base pair regions

24
Q

What are promoter regions?

A

Areas that are rich in A-T base pairs and where RNA synthesis begins.

25
Q

What direction does the RNA polymerase complex move?

A

The 3’ to 5’ direction - opposite to DNA polymerase

26
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

In the nucleus

27
Q

When is transcription complete?

A

When the RNA polymerase complex arrives at a second area rich in A-T base pairs

28
Q

What are introns?

A

Series of nucleotides that must be removed form RNA before it leaves the nucleus.

29
Q

What is a RNA cap?

A

3 phosphate groups and a molecule called m^7G that are placed at the 5’ end of RNA before it leaves the nucleus

30
Q

What is a polyA tail?

A

A series of adenine residues that are added to the 3’ end of RNA before it leaves the nucleus

31
Q

What is the average size of a gene?

A

3000 base pairs

32
Q

How many binding sides does a ribosome have for tRNA?

A

3 binding sites - A,P,E

33
Q

What is the first binding site that tRNA with its amino acid arrives at?

A

The A site

34
Q

What happens when the tRNA arrives at the E site?

A

It is released to the cytoplasm and no longer has its amino acid.

35
Q

What happens at the P site of the ribsome?

A

The amino acid on the tRNA in the A site is joined to the amino acid on the tRNA in the P site.

36
Q

What is point mutation?

A

A change in a single base on DNA (ex. sickle cell disease.)

37
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is a specific region of a chromosome that is capable of determining the development of a particular trait.

38
Q

What is an allele?

A

One of several alternate forms of a gene

39
Q

What is phenotype?

A

The observable characteristics of an organism.

40
Q

What does it mean to be homozygous for a trait?

A

If you have two identical alleles for that trait.

41
Q

What does it mean to be heterozygous for a trait?

A

If you have two different alleles for that trait.

42
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The alleles present in an organism.

43
Q

What is codominance?

A

Incomplete dominance - a “blend of alleles to from a third phenotype.

44
Q

What is a cross?

A

When homozyotes for one allele are mated to homozygotes for another allele.

45
Q

What is a P generation?

A

The individuals initially crossed

46
Q

What is a F1 generation?

A

First filial - the offspring of the P generation

Biology Lab (4 decks)

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