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BIO 130 Lab > Lab # 3 Microscope & Mitosis > Flashcards

Lab # 3 Microscope & Mitosis Flashcards

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1
Q

Ocular

A

눈으로 보는 feature

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2
Q

ocular adjustment

A

adjusting the ocular

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3
Q

Can any level of organization accomplish a task that the level below it cannot?

A

No, they cannot function without each other to be capable of performing the specialized funtions since the organization is made of each other.

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4
Q

revolving nosepiece

A

where objectives are located

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5
Q

objectives

A

4x, 10x, 40x, 100x
magnifying small objects or details to make them easier to see and study

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6
Q

specimen holder

A

which holds the specimen on the stage

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7
Q

stage adjustment

A

which adjusts the stage

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8
Q

condenser

A

focuses the light cone on the subject (slide)

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9
Q

condenser focus

A

below the stage adjustment

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10
Q

condenser diaphragm

A

controls the angle of the beam of light focused onto the specimen

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11
Q

coarse focus (adjustment knobs)

A

bigger one
- controls the focus on an object by raising or lowering the stage

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12
Q

fine focus (adjustment knobs)

A

smaller one
- controls the focus on an object by raising or lowering the stage

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13
Q

field diaphragm

A

controls how much light enters the substage condenser and consequently, the rest of the microscope

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14
Q

demonstrate how to prepare a wet mount

A
  • collect a thin slice of your sample (specimen) and place it on a clean glass slide
  • add some moisture to this (such as water or a clear resin-like Canada balsam)
    : help flatten it out once we put the coverslip on top of it
  • PUT the coverslip (but slowly from the the side to prevent the occurance of bubbles)
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15
Q

Practice how to create a proper scientific drawing and calculate the scale of a drawing

A
  • drawing of your spicemen
  • objective lense
  • total magnification calculation (e.g. the size of your drawing/ the actual size)
  • figure caption (cell features)
  • name lab section and date
  • caption???
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16
Q

The total magnification and diameter of the field of view when the objective is 4x

A

The total magnification: 40x
The diameter of the field: 4mm

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17
Q

The total magnification and diameter of the field of view when the objective is 10x

A

The total magnification: 100x
The diameter of the field: 1.6mm

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18
Q

The total magnification and diameter of the field of view when the objective is 40x

A

The total magnification: 400x
The diameter of the field: 0.4 mm

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19
Q

The total magnification and diameter of the field of view when the objective is 100x

A

The total magnification: 1000x
The diameter of the field: 0/16 mm

20
Q

Plasma membrane

A
  • lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and carbohydrates
  • protection, support, controls entry and exit of materials
21
Q

Nucleus

A

surrounded by a double membrane, the nuclear envelop
- stores and process genetic info, controls protein synthesis

22
Q

Ribosomes

A

RNA + Proteins; fixed ribosomes bind rough ER, and free ones are scattered in cytoplasm
- protein synthesis

23
Q

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Network of membraneous channels extending throughout the cytoplasm + has ribosomes
- modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins

24
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

does not have ribosomes
- synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates

25
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

stacks of flattened membranes (cisternae) containing chambers
- storage alteration, packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes

26
Q

Lysosome

A

vesicles containing digestive enzyems
- intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens

27
Q

Mitochondria

A

double membrane, with inner membrane folds (cristae) enclosing important metabolic enzymes
- a powerhouse of the cell
- produce 95/ ATP required by cells

28
Q

centrioles

A

each one is composed of 9 microtubule triplets in a 9+0 array
- essential for the movement of chromosomes during cell division
- organization of microtubules in the cytoskeleton
- where spindle fibres come from

29
Q

Cilia and flagella

A

long extensions of the plasma membrane containing microtubules
primary cilium = a sensor
motile cilla = to move materials over cell surface

30
Q

peroxisome

A

vesicles containing degradative (breaking apart) enzymes
- catabolizes fat/ other organic compounds
- neutralizes toxic compounds generated in the process

31
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

proteins organized in fine filaments or slender tube
- strength and support; movement of cellular structures and materials

32
Q

cytoplasm

A

cytosol, organelles, inclusions = a thick solution that fills each cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane
- responsible for maintaining the cell shape

33
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

These structures are composed of DNA and histones (proteins) and carry the genes responsible for transmitting hereditary characteristics from mother cells to daughter cells.

34
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

non-reproductive or body cells that contain a fixed number of chromosomes
e.g. normal human somatic cell nuclei each contain 46 chromosomes arranged into 23 pairs

35
Q

What is the diploid number for chromosomes?

A

species that reproduce sexually (like humans) usually have a complete set of chromosomes from each parent.
= refers to the diploid number and is represented by the symbol “2n”
- in humans, 2n = 23

36
Q

phase of mitosis

A
  1. interphase
  2. prophase
  3. metaphase
  4. anaphase
  5. telophase
  6. cytokinesis
37
Q

Interphase

A

not a part of mitosis, but the period between cell divisions
- DNA is doubled in preparation for cell division
- must be able to identify the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nuclear membrane and the nucleolus and the chromatin

38
Q

Prophase

A

In the nucleus, chromosomes condense and become visible. in the cytoplasm, the spindle forms.
- centrioles moving into the opposite side
- nuclear envelope breaks down

39
Q

prometaphase

A

The nuclear membrane breaks apart, and the spindle starts to interact with the chromosomes
- kinetochores appear at the centromeres
- mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores

40
Q

Anaphase

A

chromosomes break at centromeres, and sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell
- sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled toward opposite poles
- certain spindle fibers began to elongate the cell
- centromeres split in two
- *chromosomal microtubules

40
Q

metaphase

A

The copied chromosomes align in the middle of the spindle
- lined up at the metaphase plate
- each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles

41
Q

telophase

A

nuclear membranes form around each of the two sets of chromosomes, the chromosomes begin to spread out, and the spindle fibre begins to break down
- nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes
- cleavage furrow

42
Q

What is a centromere?

A

specialized DNA sequence that links a pair of sister chromatids
- a section of DNA/ choromosomes that holds the sister chromotids together\

43
Q

What is a kinetochore?

A
  • the middle of centromeres
    a complex of proteins associated with the centromere to which the microtubules of the spindle attach
44
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The cell splits into two daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent. In humans, such cells have two copies of 23 chromosomes and are called diploid.
- animal cells: a cleavage furrow separates the daughter cells

45
Q

what is a cleavage furrow?

A

only forms during telophase of mitosis and cytokinesis
- a groove that emerges in the plasma membrane between the daughter nuclei
- the line the two daughter cells splitting into

BIO 130 Lab (4 decks)

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