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Phase 2: Endocrine > Lab 3: Endocrine histology and anatomy > Flashcards

Lab 3: Endocrine histology and anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal “remnant” of thyroid gland development found at the back of the tongue?

A

Foramen caecum

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2
Q

Roberto Orsi is visiting the endocrine clinic for a check up to look at his thyroid hormone levels.

Which cells synthesise thyroid hormones?

A

Follicular cells

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3
Q

The anterior pituitary produces several different hormones. Which of the following problems with hormone production from the anterior pituitary is most likely to produce secondary gonadal failure?

Select one:

a. GH deficiency
b. LH excess
c. ACTH excess
d. FSH deficiency
e. Oxytocin excess

A

d. FSH deficiency

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4
Q

What are amine hormones

A

Amine Hormones are derived from a single amino acid. Examples being adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine.

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5
Q

Which GLUT ONLY transports fructose?

A

GLUT 5

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6
Q

What is a goitre

A

It is a swelling of the thyroid gland that causes a lump in the front of the neck.

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7
Q

Why does a goitre move on swallowing

A

This is a because a goitre is a swelling of the thyroid gland

The thyroid gland moves as you swallow as it is attached to the trachea by pretracheal fascia

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8
Q

Name the two parts of the pituitary gland

A

Anterior (adenohypophysis)

Posterior (neurohypophysis)

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9
Q

The adenohypophysis is another name for the ____ pituitary

A

Anterior

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10
Q

The neurohypophysis is another name for the ____ pituitary

A

Posterior

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11
Q

In a H&E stain, which part of the pituitary gland will stain more darkly? Why?

A

Anterior portion will stain more darkly pink as it is more glandular

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12
Q

The pituitary capsule develops from which tissue?

A

Meninges- continous with the dura

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13
Q

This is a histological slide of the pituitary gland. Name these parts

A
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14
Q

Name the two cell populations present in the anterior (adenohypohysis) pituitary

A
  1. Chromophobes
  2. Chromophils
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15
Q

Describe the chromophobes on the histological stain of the anterior (adenohypohysis) pituitary

A

Do not take up the stain

Phobes: scared of the stain

Therefore, appear only palely stained

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16
Q

Describe the chromophils on the histological stain of the anterior (adenohypohysis) pituitary

A

Take up the stain

Phils: love the stain

Therefore, appear strongly stained

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17
Q

The _____ are exhausted secretory cells

A) Chromophils

B) Chromophobes

A

B) Chromophobes

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18
Q

The _____ are active secretory cells

A) Chromophils

B) Chromophobes

A

A) Chromophils

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19
Q

The chromophils can be subdivided into two groups. Name these two groups?

A
  1. Acidophils
  2. Basophils
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20
Q

The ____ stain purple in the H&E stain of the anterior pituitary

A

Basophils

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21
Q

The ____ stain red in the H&E stain of the anterior pituitary

A) Basophils

B) Acidophils

A

B) Acidophils

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22
Q

The anterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus by which blood vessels

A

Hypophysial portal veins

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23
Q

Which hormones travel to the pituitary gland via nerve fibres

A

Oxytocin

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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24
Q

Hyperosmolar non-ketotic state (HHS) is an endocrine emergency in T2DM. In the management of the coniditon, an anticogulation is given.

Why and which anticoagulate?

A

The hyperosmolar state increases the risk of thrombosis, hence the need for anticoagulation

Heparin would be the drug of choice

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25
Name these cell types of the anterior pituitary
26
There are five distinct types of endocrine cell within the adenohypophysis. Name these cell types and what do each produce
1. **Somatotrophs**- somatotrophin i.e. growth hormone 2. **Lactrotrophs**- prolactin 3. **Thyrotrophs**- thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 4. **Gonadotrophs**- gonadotrophs i.e. luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimualting hormone (FSH) 5. **Corticotrophs**- adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), lipotropin, melaoncyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
27
Which cells of the anterior pituitary are basophils?
Thyrotrophs Gonadotrophs Corticotrophs Mneomic: Basic Cunts Try Guns
28
Which cells of the anterior pituitary are acidophils?
Somatotrophs Lactotrophs Good way to remember it is: SLAY (without they Y) Somatotrophs Lactotrophs Acidophils
29
Somatotrophs secrete \_\_\_\_
Somatotrophin also known as Growth hormone
30
\_\_\_\_\_ secrete prolactin
Lactotrophs
31
Corticotrophs secrete \_\_\_
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) beta-lipotrophin alpha melanoyte stimulating protein beta-endorphin
32
\_\_\_\_\_ secrete follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH)
Gonadotrophs
33
The capillaries within the adenohypophysis are classified as what?
Fenestrated capillaries Facilitates the rapid passage of secretory hormones to their target hormones.
34
What hormones are released by the hypothalamus
1. Corticotrophin-releasing hormone 2. Dopamine 3. Growth hormone-releasing hormone 4. Somatostatin 5. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone 6. Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone.
35
The ____ extend inwards, separating each thyroid lobe into lobules
The septa from the capsule
36
The thyroid follicles are epithelial structures. Which kind of epithelium is it?
Simple low cuboidal or squamous epithelium in inactive follicles But the cells become columnar when they are actively secreting
37
What hormone regulates the activity of the thyroid gland and where is it produced?
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Produced by the adenohypophysis (anterior) pituitary
38
Describe the colloid
Inactive precursor of T3 and T4. It is made up of a glycoprotein called thyroglobulin, made by the epithelial cells, which is bound to iodine. The iodine binds to the tyrosine residues of thyroglobulin.
39
Which cell organelle produces the protein part of thyroglobulin
rough endoplasmic reticulum
40
Where is the sugar component of thyroglobulin added?
In the golgi apparatus It is a glycoprotein- glucose is added as a post-transcriptional modification
41
Thyroid peroxidase is synthesised by what and what is its function?
Synthesised by the follicle cell Function is to enable iodide to be converted to iodine
42
Describe the process of thyroglobulin reuptake by the follicle epithelium
It involves pseudopodial extensions of cytoplasm which encloses the droplets of thyroglobulin This causes the endocytosis of the droplets
43
Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease causing what? A) Hyperthyroidism B) Hypothyroidism
B) Hypothyroidism
44
Hashimoto's thyroiditis is associated with the autoantibodies that target what?
Antibodies target thyroid peroxidase
45
Describe the histological changes of hasimoto's thyroidits
Autoantibodies result in the destruction of thyroid cells. The follicles are infiltrated by lymphocytes. Few to none follicles left- all are infiltrated by lymphocytes
46
The neurohypophysis (posterior) pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus through nerves. The cell bodies of these nerves are located where
In the hypothalamus
47
Why do the chromophobes do not like the staining?
Because they do not contain granules
48
The neurohypophysis (posterior) pituitary is formed from a downgrowth of the \_\_\_\_\_\_
Diencephalon
49
The adenohypophysis (anterior) pituitary is derived from?
The oral ectoderm of the primitive oral cavity
50
Describe the distribution of the chromophils of the adrenohypophysis (anterior) pituitary
Somatotrophs are the most numbers making up 50% of them.
51
The posterior pituitary resembles _____ nervous tissue and is composed of the nerve cell terminals that run down from neurons whose cell bodies are located in the \_\_\_\_\_. Herring bodies are distensions of the axon terminal fibers where ______ have accumulated.
The posterior pituitary resembles ***unmyelinated*** nervous tissue and is composed of the nerve cell terminals that run down from neurons whose cell bodies are located in the ***hypothalamus***. Herring bodies are distensions of the axon terminal fibers where ***neurosecretory*** ***granules*** have accumulated.
52
_Antidiuretic hormone (ADH):_ Secreted by? Target tissue?
neurohypophysis (posterior) pituitary Acts on the kidney,
53
_Oxytocin:_ Secreted by? Target tissue?
Neurohypophysis (posterior) pituitary Acts on the uterus.
54
What is the major difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary?
_Adenohypophysis (anterior):_ More glandular _Neurohypophysis (posterior):_ Neurone secretory
55
What is located in the colloid
Majority of thyroglobulin but also contains several enzymes and other glycoproteins
56
The follicular cells produce and release mainly T\_ althought T\_ is functionally much more potent
A) T4 B) T3
57
The synthesis and breakdown of thryoglobulin is controlled by what?
Controlled by the **hypothalamus**, which secretes **thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)** Controlled by the **adenohypophysis** (anterior pituitary), which secretes **thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)**
58
Describe why histologically there may be a space between the follicle edge and the colloid
These follicles are active so they are actively secreting the hormones Hence, they take up part of the colloid, by pseudopodial extensions. Therefore, appears to be a space between the colloid and follicular cells as the colloid that would be in this space is being used by the cells
59
The thyroid gland is derived from which embryological layer?
Ectoderm
60
Fill in the blanks of the thyroid gland
61
What is the normal “remnant” of thyroid gland development found at the back of the tongue?
Foramen caecum
62
Calcitonin is produced by which cells of the thyroid gland
Clear cells (or C cells)
63
The TSH reaches the thyroid gland via the circulation and binds to its receptor. Name its receptor
Thyrotrophin receptor (TSHr)
64
What is the function of calcitonin
Reduces serum (aka blood) calcium level by lower the renal reabsorption of calcium and inhibits osteoclast activity
65
Which hormone do clear cells of the thyroid synthesis and release
Calcitonin
66
Histologically how can you tell a clear cell?
Will not in the follicle- instead between them Less stained- pale cytoplasm
67
Name this cell
68
Which system connects the neurones of the hypothalamus with the cells in the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
The hypothalamohypophyseal portal system
69
Describe the synthesis of ADH and oxytocin
Both were synthesised in the hypothalamus by the neurones in the paraventricular nuclei and supraoptic nuclei These hormones are then transported along unmyelinated axons and stored as tiny dilations in the axon terminals of the neurohypophysis as Herring bodies, from which they are released
70
Where is ADH and oxytocin synthesised?
Hypothalamus ## Footnote ADH and oxytocin are synthesised in the hypothalamus by paraventricular and supraoptic nulcei. They are then transported along unmyelinated axons and stored in the axon terminals located in the neurohypophysis (called Herring bodies) In the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) they are stored and released but not synthesised.
71
H&E stain can distinguish between acidophils and basophils but which additional stain is used to distinguish which particular cell type it is e.g. corticotroph
Immunohistochemistry stain is used to identify the different types of acidophils and basophils IHC stain: selectively identifying antigens (proteins) in cells of a tissue section by exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues
72
Name the two secretory cell types in the parathyroid gland
Chief cells Oxyphil cells
73
Compare and contrast the chief and oxyphil cells
_Chief cells:_ Majority, basophils- therefore stains purple in H&E. _Oxyphil cells:_ Acidophil- stains red in H&E
74
Oxyphil cells of the parathyroid gland are: A) Acidophils B) Basophils
A) Acidophils
75
Chief cells of the parathyroid gland are: A) Acidophils B) Basophils
B) Basophils
76
Describe the capsule of the parathyroid gland
The parathyroid gland can be within the thyroid capsule but can also appear to have its own fine fibrous capsule
77
Which cells in the parathyroid gland secrete parathyroid hormone
The chief cells secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH).
78
Which cell type makes up the majority of the cells in the parathyroid gland
Chief cells

Phase 2: Endocrine (23 decks)

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