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Bio 121 Lab > Lab 3 + 4 > Flashcards

Lab 3 + 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi

A
  • multicellular
  • heterotrophic
  • have hyphae
  • major decomposers
  • live closely to other organisms (plants)
  • may be parasitic
  • lack chlorophyll
  • saprobe
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2
Q

4 main Phylum of fungi kingdom

A
  • chytridiomycota
  • zygomycota
  • ascomycota
  • basidiomycota
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3
Q

hyphae

A

fungal cells that grow in tubular and branched filaments
- absorb nutrients and transport all over fungal body

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4
Q

what is a group of hypae called

A

mycelium

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5
Q

fungi terrestrial or aquatic

A

most are terrestrial

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6
Q

fungi motile or non motile reproductive cells

A

most have non motile reproductive cells

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7
Q

cell walls made of…

A

chitin, therefore can’t engulf food

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8
Q

saprobe

A

use extracellular digestion to break down dead or decaying organic material

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9
Q

symbionts

A

fungi live in association with another organism

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10
Q

mycorrhizae

A

growing in and around the roots of plants to help them take water and fungi gets nutrients

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11
Q

parasites

A

live in or on organism and ‘steals’ nutrients

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12
Q

pathogenic

A

causes diseases - some fungi can be pathogenic

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13
Q

adaptations of fungi to prevent dehydration

A
  • spores
  • live within their nutrients (ex. soil)
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14
Q

spores

A

waterproof cells that remain dormant for years

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15
Q

how does fungi reproduce?

A

asexually - fragmentation of the mycelium or production of asexual spores
sexually - fusion of gametes

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16
Q

how are fungi divided into phyla?

A

based on the presence and absence of septa in their hypae and their sexual reproduction structures

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17
Q

septa

A

cross walls in their hyphae

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18
Q

do phyla chytridiomycota and zygomycota have septa?

A

no they do not. instead, they have single celled hyphal strand (multinucleate hyphal cells)

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19
Q

do phylum ascomycota and basidiomycota have septa

A

yes, therefore the hyphae cells are uninucleate

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20
Q

phylum of allomyces

A

chytridiomycota

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21
Q

phylum chytridiomycota characteristics

A
  • mostly aquatic
  • multinucleate
  • aseptate - might only be present at the base of reproductive structures or old/injured hyphae
  • primitive
  • motile gametes
  • some in soil
    + some in algae and plants
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22
Q

where does allomyces live

A

worldwide - small bodies of freshwater

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23
Q

what do the hypae of allomyces contain

A

sporangia and gamentangia as well as rhizoids

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24
Q

rhizoids

A

used to attach fungi to food source

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25
is allomyces saptotroph
yes they use digestive enzymes from its rhizoids to break down matter
26
what colour is the male gametangia and where is it in allomyces
light orange; beneath female gametangium
27
discharge papillae
secrete male and female gametes
28
asexual sporangia
thin walled, long, gray, or colourless
29
sexual sporangia
thick walled, oval, reddish-brown
30
why is allomyces called alteration of generation
cause it switched between multicellular haploid generation and multicellular diploid generation
31
how does allomyces asexually reproduce
they release diploid zoospores through the thin walled sporangia
32
how does allomyces sexually reproduce
1. diploid hyphae produces haploid zoospores through thick 2n sporangia 2. haploid grows and matures into haploid hyphae and has female and male gametangium 3. both female and male release diploid zoospores - zygota 2n 4. zygote grows and becomes mature diploid hyphae
33
friends of allomyces
neocallimastix and batrachochytrium
34
phylum zygomycota
terrestrial saprotrophs parasites insect pathogens mycorrhizal with plants no motile stage aseptate multinucleate hyphae asexual/sexual reproduction
35
what phylum is rhizopus
zygomycota
36
common name from zygomycota
bread mold
37
3 types of hyphae in zygomycota
stolons, rhizoids, sporangiophores
38
stolons
horizontal branching network to spread fungi over food source
39
rhizoids
breaks down food source through exrtacellular digestion - releases amylase to turn starch into sugar
40
sporangiophores
produced by stolon - produce spores through sporangium asexually grow through mitosis spores carried through air currents
41
adaptation for rhizopus
sporangiophores put sporangiums above food source - allow spores to be carried through air currents
42
sexual reproduction of rhizopus
- during stress by conjugation
43
steps of sexual reproduction of rhizopus
1. two different mating strands produces branches from haploid hyphae 2. two gamentagia fuse producing zygosporangium 3. zygosporangium produces zygospore with think black or brown wall to prevent dehydration 4. diploid nucleus divides into haploid spores and grows into haploid hyphae
44
friends of rhizopus
phycomyces and entomophthora
45
phylum asomycota
- largest - plant pathogens and terrestrial saptotrophs - have septa - most asexually
46
where is the name of the phylum asomycota derived from
askos - "bag" or "sac" sac like reproductive sacs - ascus
47
what phylum is sordaria from
asomycota
48
characteristics
saptotroph loose mycelium sexual reproduction
49
how does sordaria sexually reproducde
1. haploid hyphae come together together to form asci 2. asci is protected by ascocarp 3. haploid spores are created in the asci 4. those are released and grow into haploid hyphae
50
friends of sordaria
morels, claviceps, ophiostoma
51
which phylum is agaricus bisporus from
basidiomycota
52
phylum basidiomycota
- terrestrial - saptotrophs - have septa - less asexual reproduction
53
how does agaricus bisporus reproduce asexually
1. cells of the hyphae fuse and grow to form a basidiocarp (mushroom) 2. the gills of the mushroom and basidia 3. basidia produces basidiosphores 4. basidiophores disperse by air currents and grow into haploid hyphae
54
friends of agaricus bisporus
oyster mushrooms, shiitake mushrooms, bracket fungi, puffballs
55
kingdom plantae
- terrestrial - eukaryotic - multicellular - photosynthetic
56
What are the plants in phylum Bryophytes commonly referred to as
mosses
57
what phylum is polytrichium from
bryophytes
58
friends of polytrichium
sphagnum and marchantia
59
what do the sterile hairs do in the polytrichium
they retain water to prevent dehydration of the antheridia
60
what phylum is lycopodium from
lycopodiaphyta
61
friends of lycopodium
selaginella
62
which phylum is polypodium from
pteridophyta
63
friends of polypodium
salvinia, psilotum, equisetum
63
Where does meiosis occur in allomyces
Sporangium
64
Where does meiosis occur in rhizopus
Zygospore
65
Where does meiosis occur in Sordaria
Ascus
66
Where does meiosis occur in agarics Bosporus
Basidia
67
Where does meiosis occur in moss (polytrichum)
Sporangium
68
calyptra
protective hairy cap protects immature sporangium in polytrichum
69
operculum
the lid of the apex of the sporangium - protects entrance
70
antheridia
male gamentangia
71
archegonia
female gamentangia
72
sterile hairs
retain water - prevents desiccation of the antheridia
73
cuticle
outermost layer of plants secretes a waxy covering which prevents water loss
74
xylen tissue
transports water and dissolved materials
75
phloem
transports sugars
76
lignin
additional cell wall composed of polymer which provides support
77
sporopollenin
plant spores are covered in this extremely tough and decay resistant polymer
78
tracheids
water conducting cells making up xylen and vascular tissue
79
sieve elements
food conducting cells in phloem tissue
80
bryophytes
- flagellete sperm - mosses - non vascular
81
lycopodiaphyta
- primitive - terresrtrial
82
what phylum is polytrichum from
bryophyts
83
what phylum is lycopodia from
lycopodiaphyta
84
lycopodium
- short - dominant sporophyte generation
85
microphylls
leaves that compose the cone of the lycopodia
86

Bio 121 Lab (2 decks)

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