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Bio 121 Lab > Lab 3 + 4 > Flashcards

Lab 3 + 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi

A
  • multicellular
  • heterotrophic
  • have hyphae
  • major decomposers
  • live closely to other organisms (plants)
  • may be parasitic
  • lack chlorophyll
  • saprobe
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2
Q

4 main Phylum of fungi kingdom

A
  • chytridiomycota
  • zygomycota
  • ascomycota
  • basidiomycota
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3
Q

hyphae

A

fungal cells that grow in tubular and branched filaments
- absorb nutrients and transport all over fungal body

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4
Q

what is a group of hypae called

A

mycelium

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5
Q

fungi terrestrial or aquatic

A

most are terrestrial

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6
Q

fungi motile or non motile reproductive cells

A

most have non motile reproductive cells

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7
Q

cell walls made of…

A

chitin, therefore can’t engulf food

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8
Q

saprobe

A

use extracellular digestion to break down dead or decaying organic material

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9
Q

symbionts

A

fungi live in association with another organism

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10
Q

mycorrhizae

A

growing in and around the roots of plants to help them take water and fungi gets nutrients

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11
Q

parasites

A

live in or on organism and ‘steals’ nutrients

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12
Q

pathogenic

A

causes diseases - some fungi can be pathogenic

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13
Q

adaptations of fungi to prevent dehydration

A
  • spores
  • live within their nutrients (ex. soil)
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14
Q

spores

A

waterproof cells that remain dormant for years

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15
Q

how does fungi reproduce?

A

asexually - fragmentation of the mycelium or production of asexual spores
sexually - fusion of gametes

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16
Q

how are fungi divided into phyla?

A

based on the presence and absence of septa in their hypae and their sexual reproduction structures

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17
Q

septa

A

cross walls in their hyphae

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18
Q

do phyla chytridiomycota and zygomycota have septa?

A

no they do not. instead, they have single celled hyphal strand (multinucleate hyphal cells)

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19
Q

do phylum ascomycota and basidiomycota have septa

A

yes, therefore the hyphae cells are uninucleate

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20
Q

phylum of allomyces

A

chytridiomycota

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21
Q

phylum chytridiomycota characteristics

A
  • mostly aquatic
  • multinucleate
  • aseptate - might only be present at the base of reproductive structures or old/injured hyphae
  • primitive
  • motile gametes
  • some in soil
    + some in algae and plants
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22
Q

where does allomyces live

A

worldwide - small bodies of freshwater

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23
Q

what do the hypae of allomyces contain

A

sporangia and gamentangia as well as rhizoids

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24
Q

rhizoids

A

used to attach fungi to food source

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25
Q

is allomyces saptotroph

A

yes they use digestive enzymes from its rhizoids to break down matter

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26
Q

what colour is the male gametangia and where is it in allomyces

A

light orange; beneath female gametangium

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27
Q

discharge papillae

A

secrete male and female gametes

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28
Q

asexual sporangia

A

thin walled, long, gray, or colourless

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29
Q

sexual sporangia

A

thick walled, oval, reddish-brown

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30
Q

why is allomyces called alteration of generation

A

cause it switched between multicellular haploid generation and multicellular diploid generation

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31
Q

how does allomyces asexually reproduce

A

they release diploid zoospores through the thin walled sporangia

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32
Q

how does allomyces sexually reproduce

A
  1. diploid hyphae produces haploid zoospores through thick 2n sporangia
  2. haploid grows and matures into haploid hyphae and has female and male gametangium
  3. both female and male release diploid zoospores - zygota 2n
  4. zygote grows and becomes mature diploid hyphae
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33
Q

friends of allomyces

A

neocallimastix and batrachochytrium

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34
Q

phylum zygomycota

A

terrestrial
saprotrophs
parasites
insect pathogens
mycorrhizal with plants
no motile stage
aseptate
multinucleate hyphae
asexual/sexual reproduction

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35
Q

what phylum is rhizopus

A

zygomycota

36
Q

common name from zygomycota

A

bread mold

37
Q

3 types of hyphae in zygomycota

A

stolons, rhizoids, sporangiophores

38
Q

stolons

A

horizontal branching network to spread fungi over food source

39
Q

rhizoids

A

breaks down food source through exrtacellular digestion - releases amylase to turn starch into sugar

40
Q

sporangiophores

A

produced by stolon - produce spores through sporangium
asexually grow through mitosis
spores carried through air currents

41
Q

adaptation for rhizopus

A

sporangiophores put sporangiums above food source - allow spores to be carried through air currents

42
Q

sexual reproduction of rhizopus

A
  • during stress
    by conjugation
43
Q

steps of sexual reproduction of rhizopus

A
  1. two different mating strands produces branches from haploid hyphae
  2. two gamentagia fuse producing zygosporangium
  3. zygosporangium produces zygospore with think black or brown wall to prevent dehydration
  4. diploid nucleus divides into haploid spores and grows into haploid hyphae
44
Q

friends of rhizopus

A

phycomyces and entomophthora

45
Q

phylum asomycota

A
  • largest
  • plant pathogens and terrestrial saptotrophs
  • have septa
  • most asexually
46
Q

where is the name of the phylum asomycota derived from

A

askos - “bag” or “sac”
sac like reproductive sacs - ascus

47
Q

what phylum is sordaria from

A

asomycota

48
Q

characteristics

A

saptotroph
loose mycelium
sexual reproduction

49
Q

how does sordaria sexually reproducde

A
  1. haploid hyphae come together together to form asci
  2. asci is protected by ascocarp
  3. haploid spores are created in the asci
  4. those are released and grow into haploid hyphae
50
Q

friends of sordaria

A

morels, claviceps, ophiostoma

51
Q

which phylum is agaricus bisporus from

A

basidiomycota

52
Q

phylum basidiomycota

A
  • terrestrial
  • saptotrophs
  • have septa
  • less asexual reproduction
53
Q

how does agaricus bisporus reproduce asexually

A
  1. cells of the hyphae fuse and grow to form a basidiocarp (mushroom)
  2. the gills of the mushroom and basidia
  3. basidia produces basidiosphores
  4. basidiophores disperse by air currents and grow into haploid hyphae
54
Q

friends of agaricus bisporus

A

oyster mushrooms, shiitake mushrooms, bracket fungi, puffballs

55
Q

kingdom plantae

A
  • terrestrial
  • eukaryotic
  • multicellular
  • photosynthetic
56
Q

What are the plants in phylum Bryophytes commonly referred to as

A

mosses

57
Q

what phylum is polytrichium from

A

bryophytes

58
Q

friends of polytrichium

A

sphagnum and marchantia

59
Q

what do the sterile hairs do in the polytrichium

A

they retain water to prevent dehydration of the antheridia

60
Q

what phylum is lycopodium from

A

lycopodiaphyta

61
Q

friends of lycopodium

A

selaginella

62
Q

which phylum is polypodium from

A

pteridophyta

63
Q

friends of polypodium

A

salvinia, psilotum, equisetum

63
Q

Where does meiosis occur in allomyces

A

Sporangium

64
Q

Where does meiosis occur in rhizopus

A

Zygospore

65
Q

Where does meiosis occur in Sordaria

A

Ascus

66
Q

Where does meiosis occur in agarics Bosporus

A

Basidia

67
Q

Where does meiosis occur in moss (polytrichum)

A

Sporangium

68
Q

calyptra

A

protective hairy cap protects immature sporangium in polytrichum

69
Q

operculum

A

the lid of the apex of the sporangium - protects entrance

70
Q

antheridia

A

male gamentangia

71
Q

archegonia

A

female gamentangia

72
Q

sterile hairs

A

retain water - prevents desiccation of the antheridia

73
Q

cuticle

A

outermost layer of plants secretes a waxy covering which prevents water loss

74
Q

xylen tissue

A

transports water and dissolved materials

75
Q

phloem

A

transports sugars

76
Q

lignin

A

additional cell wall composed of polymer which provides support

77
Q

sporopollenin

A

plant spores are covered in this extremely tough and decay resistant polymer

78
Q

tracheids

A

water conducting cells making up xylen and vascular tissue

79
Q

sieve elements

A

food conducting cells in phloem tissue

80
Q

bryophytes

A
  • flagellete sperm
  • mosses
  • non vascular
81
Q

lycopodiaphyta

A
  • primitive
  • terresrtrial
82
Q

what phylum is polytrichum from

A

bryophyts

83
Q

what phylum is lycopodia from

A

lycopodiaphyta

84
Q

lycopodium

A
  • short
  • dominant sporophyte generation
85
Q

microphylls

A

leaves that compose the cone of the lycopodia

86
Q
A

Bio 121 Lab (2 decks)

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