Lab 3

Question 1

What is a solvent?

Answer 1

a liquid that has dissolved or can dissolve one or more solutes

Question 2

What is a solute?

Answer 2

a substance that is dissolved in a liquid (solvent)

Question 3

What is a solution?

Answer 3

a liquid (solvent) and it’s solvents

Question 4

What are 2 passive transport types?

Answer 4

1. osmosis

2. diffusion

Question 5

What is osmosis?

Answer 5

the movement of a solvent (usually water) through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

Question 6

What is diffusion?

Answer 6

the random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Question 7

What cellular structure is selectively permeable in plant and animal cells?

Answer 7

cell membrane

Question 8

What does isotonic mean?

Answer 8

concentration on the outside is the same as the concentration on the outside.

Question 9

What does hypertonic mean?

Answer 9

concentration in the cell is higher than the environment. the cell is hypertonic to the environment.

Question 10

What does hypotonic mean?

Answer 10

The cell has a higher concentration than the environment so the environment is hypotonic to the cell.

Question 11

What cellular structure prevents plants from taking up too much water?

Answer 11

the cell wall.

Question 12

What is the formula to find percent change in weight?

Answer 12

(final weight - initial weight )
______________________
initial weight

Question 13

Are concentrations of solutes usually higher or lower inside the cell?

Answer 13

higher.

Question 14

What is turgor pressure?

Answer 14

the force of the plasma membrane pushing outwards due to the central vacuole increasing in volume.

Question 15

What is plasmolysis?

Answer 15

when the plasma membrane pulls away from cell wall.

Question 16

How do prokaryotes divide?

Answer 16

binary fission.

Question 17

How do eukaryotes divide?

Answer 17

mitosis and cytokinesis.

Question 18

What are major functions of mitosis?

Answer 18

1. production and maintenance of multicellularity
2. asexual reproduction
3. replacement of old or damaged cells

Question 19

What is are chromosomes made of?

Answer 19

DNA and proteins

Question 20

What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 20

interphase.

Question 21

What is mitosis?

Answer 21

the division of the nucleus, resulting in the formation of two genetically identical daughter nuclei.

Question 22

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 22

the division of the cytoplasm between the two resulting daughter cells.

Question 23

What is the G1 stage of the cell cycle?

Answer 23

CELL GROWTH

-new organelles and proteins are synthesized and the plasma membrane increases in size.

Question 24

What is the S stage of the cell cycle?

Answer 24

DNA SYNTHESIS

-each chromosome produces an exact copy of itself by DNA replication

Question 25

What is the G2 stage of the cell cycle?

Answer 25

CELL GROWTH

-a second period of cell growth and final preparations for division

Question 26

What are the stages of mitosis?

Answer 26

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (and then cytokinesis).

Question 27

What happens in prophase?

Answer 27

• replicated chromosomes condense

- spindle microtubules begin to form and move to opposite ends of the cell

Question 28

What happens in prometaphase?

Answer 28

• nuclear envelope breaks down

- spindle microtubules grow and attach to the centromeres of the replicated chromosomes

Question 29

What happens in metaphase?

Answer 29

• spindle apparatus is completely formed

- replicated chromosomes line up along the mid region (the cell plate)

Question 30

What happens in anaphase?

Answer 30

• centromeres of each replicated chromosome separate

- single chromosomes are pulled by their centromeres to opposite poles

Question 31

What happens in telophase of a plant cell?

Answer 31

• single chromosomes go to poles and begin to uncoil
• nuclear envelopes begin to form around the groups of chromosomes
• cytokinesis starts (call plate forms and grows outward to form 2 daughter cells)

Question 32

What happens in telophase of animal cells?

Answer 32

-single chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to uncoil

Question 33

What is the formula to find the amount of time spent in each stage of mitosis?

Answer 33

(# of cells in phase / grand total) x 960 minutes

Question 34

What is a colony?

Answer 34

a group of individual cells or organisms that adhere and communicate with eachother.

Question 35

What were the three steps of multicellularity?

Answer 35

unicellular –> colonial forms –> multicellular organisms

Question 36

What are multicellular organisms?

Answer 36

single organisms that have specialized cells

Question 37

What does the eyespot do? What color is it?

Answer 37

orients the organism towards light. it is red

Question 38

What is a pyrenoid?

Answer 38

it is responsible for synthesizing starch from sugars produced by photosynthesis

Question 39

What is the purpose of a gelatinous matrix?

Answer 39

it holds the cells together as a colony

Question 40

How do adjacent cells communicate with each other?

Answer 40

cytoplasmic bridges

Question 41

is there division of labor among cells?

Answer 41

no.

Question 42

What are some differences between unicellular, colonial, and multicellular organisms?

Answer 42

uni - multiple organisms
col - divide by mitosis
      - daughter cells stay stuck 
        together
multi- single organisms with 
        specialized cells

Question 43

Are the resulting cells of binary fission identical or different?

Answer 43

identical.