Lab 2: Cereal Crops Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
Bread wheat Latin name
A
Triticum aestivum
2
Q
Triticum aestivum common name
A
Bread wheat
3
Q
Triticum aestivum inflorescence
A
Spike
4
Q
Spike
A
Inflorescence where spikelets are attached sessile to rachis
5
Q
Arrangement of spikelets along the rachis
A
Arranged distichously along rachis
6
Q
Rachis node
A
The point of attachment of a spikelet to the rachis
7
Q
Wheat spikelet
A
-two glumes enclosing max five florets
8
Q
Rachilla
A
Small rachis of the spikelet that the florets attach to in an alternate manner
9
Q
Which florets in a wheat spikelet usually set seed?
A
-bottom two
-next two depending on growing conditions
-fifth always always sterile
10
Q
Which kernels in wheat are the largest?
A
-primary and secondary largest
-size decreases in order
11
Q
In a particularly poor growing year, how many florets would a wheat spikelet usually contain?
A
Probably less than five
12
Q
Beard
A
Extended awn from the lemma
13
Q
Winter wheat latin name
A
Triticum aestivum
14
Q
Triticum aestivum common name
A
Winter wheat
15
Q
How many florets does a Triticum aestivum spikelet contain?
A
Maximum six
16
Q
What does Triticum aestivum require to develop a head?
A
Vernalization
17
Q
Vernalization
A
Exposure to prolonged periods of chilling temperatures
18
Q
Durum Wheat latin name
A
Triticum durum
19
Q
Triticum durum common name
A
Durum wheat
20
Q
Triticum durum inflorescence
A
-essentially the same as any bearded bread wheat
-lemma always extended into a beard
21
Q
Lemma
A
The lowermost of the two bracts on the outside of a floret
-an awn extended into a point
22
Q
Lemma types
A
- Beardless
- Tip or apical awn
- Bearded
23
Q
Beardless wheat
A
No lemma awn present
24
Q
Tip or apical awn wheat
A
The lemma tip is extended to a thin point or short awn
25
Bearded wheat
The lemma tip is extended to a long and conspicuous awn
26
Stem solidness of wheat
-most varieties have a hollow stem in internode sections on the culm
27
Characteristic of wheat varieties bred for sawfly resistance
Culms filled with pith (solid stem)
28
Barley latin name
Hordeum vulgare
29
Hordeum vulgare common name
Barley
30
Barley inflorescence type
Spike
31
How many spikelets per rachis node in Hordeum vulgare?
Three spikelets per rachis node
32
Hordeum vulgare # florets per spikelet
Single floret per spikelet
33
What structures enclose the floret of a Hordeum vulgare spikelet?
A pair of small, narrow glumes with awns on their tips
34
Characteristic of lemma and palea in Hordeum vulgare
Lemma and palea remain tightly attached to mature grain —> forming the hull
35
What structures for the hull in the grain of Hordeum vulgare?
Lemma and palea
36
How many florets in a six-row barley spike are fertile?
Each of single florets in the three spikelet attached per rachis node is fertile
37
What does a fertile floret of a spike inflorescence produce?
A grain
38
Which spikelets in two-row barley are fertile?
Only the central spikelet bears a fertile floret (two lateral spikelets bear an infertile floret)
39
What is responsible for the transformation from two-row barley to six-row barley?
The mutation of one gene
40
Six-row barley vs. Two-row barley
Six-row: three fertile florets per rachis node; three spikelets per rachis node
Two-row: one fertile floret per rachis node; three spikelets per rachis node
41
What is the most useful and accurate way to differentiate between barley varieties?
Spike characteristics
42
Types of lemma awns in barley?
1. Awned
2. Bearded
3. Hooded
43
Bearded barley
Have a long coarse awn forming a beard extending from tip of lemma
44
Hooded barley
Top of lemma develops into a three forked structure covering part of kernel
(Trident)
45
Lemma awn textures in barley
1. Smooth
2. Semi-rough
3. Rough
46
Smooth lemma awn texture
No barbs
47
Semi-rough lemma awn texture
Barbs present on part of the awn
48
Rough lemma awn texture
Barbs present on the entire awn
49
Do 2-row and/or 6-row barley varieties have uniform seed size?
2-row: uniform
6-row: varies
50
What structure compose hull of barley
-almost all varieties have a tightly attached hull composed of lemma and palea
51
Are almost all barley varieties hulled or hulless?
Hulled
52
Characteristic of free threshing barley varieties
Lemma and palea come off nearly all kernels during threshing
53
Rye latin name
Secale cereale
54
Secale cereale common name
Rye
55
Secale cereale inflorescence type
Spike
56
How many spikelets per rachis node in Secale cereale?
One spikelet per rachis node (similar to wheat)
57
How many florets does a Secale cereale spikelet consist of?
Three
58
What structure encloses the florets of a Secale cereale spikelet?
A pair of short narrow glumes
59
Characteristics of lower two florets of a Secale cereale spikelet
Equal in size and fertile
60
Characteristics of the third floret of a Secale cereale spikelet
-usually sterile
-found at tip of a small rachilla between the two fertile florets
61
Characteristics of lemma of Secale cereale
Lemma extended into a beard, which is always barbed
62
Characteristics of Secale cereale grains
-free threshing
-long and slender
-various shade of blue-green, yellow, or brown
63
Secale cereale is the only cereal commonly grown in Canada that requires…
Cross-pollination
64
How does cross-pollination occur in Secale cereale?
-lemma and palea open at anthesis —> expose ovary
65
What problem is rye exposed to during the cross-pollination process?
Open nature of lemma and palea make rye the cereal most susceptible to ergot
66
Oat latin name
Avena sativa
67
Avena sativa common name
Oat
68
Avena sativa inflorescence type
Panicle
69
Pedicels
Secondary branches (off of central rachis) to which the spikelets attach to in panicle inflorescence
70
Panicle in common and hull-less oats
Made up of branches occurring at the rachis nodes, each bearing several single spikelets on pedicels
71
Arrangement of pedicels in inflorescence of Avena sativa
Alternate form side to side on the rachis
72
Distinguishing characteristic of “side oats”
Branches are all on one side of the rachis
73
Characteristics of glumes in Avena sativa
-each spikelet consists of a large pair of papery glumes
-slightly unequal in size
-do not have awns
-enclose florets
74
How many florets per spikelet in Avena sativa? How are they arranged?
Three florets attached on alternate sides of the rachilla
75
If present, where do awns arise from in Avena sativa? What are these awns called?
-arise from mid-back of lemma
-called dorsal lemma awns
76
Size of florets within Avena sativa spikelet?
-vary
-first=largest —> largest grain
-second =about half size
-third =usually very small (only sets a small grain in a few varieties)
77
Wild oats latin name
Avena fatua
78
Avena fatua common name
Wild oats
79
Characteristics of Avena fatua
-usually taller than tame oats
Kernels:
-slender
-variable coloured
-hairy
-“sucker mouth” —> scar of attachment
Dorsal Lemma awn:
-each kernel has
-spirally 90* twisted (assists in movement into soil profile)
-sensitive to changes in light and humidity
Dormancy:
-wide range of dormancy conditions (even between kernels from same inflorescence)
80
What is the resulting kernel of a rare cross between a wild and tame oat called?
Fatuoid
81
Triticale latin name
X Triticosecale Wittmark
82
X Triticosecale Wittmark common name
Triticale
83
X Triticosecale Wittmark is the result of a successful cross between…
Triticum sp. and Secale sp.
Wheat and rye
84
Morphologically, triticale resembles which of its parent species more?
Wheat
85
X Triticosecale Wittmark inflorescence type
Spike
86
How many spikelets and florets per rachis node in a X Triticosecale Wittmark spike?
Five spikelets per rachis node
Five florets per spikelet
87
Distinguishing characteristics of triticale heads/spikes
-Maturing heads are pendulous
-spikes and kernels often larger than spike of wheat or rye
-pubescent below lowest spikelets on the head
88
Triticale kernels are always…
Free threshing
89
X Triticosecale Wittmark growth habit
Spring or winter
90
X Triticosecale Wittmark end-use
Grain or forage (depending on cultivar)
-feed grain: relatively high protein levels
-grown primarily as an alternate feed crop on prairies
-whole grain and flour used in cracker and other speciality food products
-sterile triticale hybrids use in soil restoration projects
91
Triticale vs Wheat
Triticale:
-pendulous maturing heads
-larger spikes and kernels
-pubescent below lowest spikelets on the head
-increased vigour
-always free threshing
-high levels of protein
92
Canaryseed latin name
Phalaris canariensis
93
Phalaris canariensis common name
Canaryseed
94
Saskatchewan is the leading producer and exporter of what cereal crop?
Canaryseed
95
Phalaris canariensis end-use
-almost exclusively for feed mixtures for caged and wild birds
96
What are the two types of canaryseed?
1. Itchy
2. Hairless
97
Most of the Phalaris canariensis grown in SK is what type?
Itchy
98
Distinguishing characteristic of itchy canaryseed?
Seeds have tiny sharp hairs on their base
99
Why is canaryseed less heat and drought tolerant than wheat?
It is a shallow rooted crop
100
Phalaris canariensis inflorescence type
Spike-like panicle
101
Why should canaryseed never be grown on flax stubble?
Its seeds sometimes get confused with flax
102
Canaryseed seeds vs flax seeds?
Canaryseed:
-way smaller than flax
-different colour
