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PLSC 222 Lab > Lab 2: Cereal Crops > Flashcards

Lab 2: Cereal Crops Flashcards

1
Q

Bread wheat Latin name

A

Triticum aestivum

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2
Q

Triticum aestivum common name

A

Bread wheat

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3
Q

Triticum aestivum inflorescence

A

Spike

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4
Q

Spike

A

Inflorescence where spikelets are attached sessile to rachis

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5
Q

Arrangement of spikelets along the rachis

A

Arranged distichously along rachis

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6
Q

Rachis node

A

The point of attachment of a spikelet to the rachis

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7
Q

Wheat spikelet

A

-two glumes enclosing max five florets

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8
Q

Rachilla

A

Small rachis of the spikelet that the florets attach to in an alternate manner

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9
Q

Which florets in a wheat spikelet usually set seed?

A

-bottom two
-next two depending on growing conditions
-fifth always always sterile

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10
Q

Which kernels in wheat are the largest?

A

-primary and secondary largest
-size decreases in order

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11
Q

In a particularly poor growing year, how many florets would a wheat spikelet usually contain?

A

Probably less than five

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12
Q

Beard

A

Extended awn from the lemma

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13
Q

Winter wheat latin name

A

Triticum aestivum

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14
Q

Triticum aestivum common name

A

Winter wheat

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15
Q

How many florets does a Triticum aestivum spikelet contain?

A

Maximum six

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16
Q

What does Triticum aestivum require to develop a head?

A

Vernalization

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17
Q

Vernalization

A

Exposure to prolonged periods of chilling temperatures

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18
Q

Durum Wheat latin name

A

Triticum durum

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19
Q

Triticum durum common name

A

Durum wheat

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20
Q

Triticum durum inflorescence

A

-essentially the same as any bearded bread wheat
-lemma always extended into a beard

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21
Q

Lemma

A

The lowermost of the two bracts on the outside of a floret
-an awn extended into a point

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22
Q

Lemma types

A
  1. Beardless
  2. Tip or apical awn
  3. Bearded
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23
Q

Beardless wheat

A

No lemma awn present

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24
Q

Tip or apical awn wheat

A

The lemma tip is extended to a thin point or short awn

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25
Q

Bearded wheat

A

The lemma tip is extended to a long and conspicuous awn

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26
Q

Stem solidness of wheat

A

-most varieties have a hollow stem in internode sections on the culm

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27
Q

Characteristic of wheat varieties bred for sawfly resistance

A

Culms filled with pith (solid stem)

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28
Q

Barley latin name

A

Hordeum vulgare

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29
Q

Hordeum vulgare common name

A

Barley

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30
Q

Barley inflorescence type

A

Spike

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31
Q

How many spikelets per rachis node in Hordeum vulgare?

A

Three spikelets per rachis node

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32
Q

Hordeum vulgare # florets per spikelet

A

Single floret per spikelet

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33
Q

What structures enclose the floret of a Hordeum vulgare spikelet?

A

A pair of small, narrow glumes with awns on their tips

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34
Q

Characteristic of lemma and palea in Hordeum vulgare

A

Lemma and palea remain tightly attached to mature grain —> forming the hull

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35
Q

What structures for the hull in the grain of Hordeum vulgare?

A

Lemma and palea

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36
Q

How many florets in a six-row barley spike are fertile?

A

Each of single florets in the three spikelet attached per rachis node is fertile

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37
Q

What does a fertile floret of a spike inflorescence produce?

A

A grain

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38
Q

Which spikelets in two-row barley are fertile?

A

Only the central spikelet bears a fertile floret (two lateral spikelets bear an infertile floret)

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39
Q

What is responsible for the transformation from two-row barley to six-row barley?

A

The mutation of one gene

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40
Q

Six-row barley vs. Two-row barley

A

Six-row: three fertile florets per rachis node; three spikelets per rachis node
Two-row: one fertile floret per rachis node; three spikelets per rachis node

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41
Q

What is the most useful and accurate way to differentiate between barley varieties?

A

Spike characteristics

42
Q

Types of lemma awns in barley?

A
  1. Awned
  2. Bearded
  3. Hooded
43
Q

Bearded barley

A

Have a long coarse awn forming a beard extending from tip of lemma

44
Q

Hooded barley

A

Top of lemma develops into a three forked structure covering part of kernel
(Trident)

45
Q

Lemma awn textures in barley

A
  1. Smooth
  2. Semi-rough
  3. Rough
46
Q

Smooth lemma awn texture

A

No barbs

47
Q

Semi-rough lemma awn texture

A

Barbs present on part of the awn

48
Q

Rough lemma awn texture

A

Barbs present on the entire awn

49
Q

Do 2-row and/or 6-row barley varieties have uniform seed size?

A

2-row: uniform
6-row: varies

50
Q

What structure compose hull of barley

A

-almost all varieties have a tightly attached hull composed of lemma and palea

51
Q

Are almost all barley varieties hulled or hulless?

A

Hulled

52
Q

Characteristic of free threshing barley varieties

A

Lemma and palea come off nearly all kernels during threshing

53
Q

Rye latin name

A

Secale cereale

54
Q

Secale cereale common name

A

Rye

55
Q

Secale cereale inflorescence type

A

Spike

56
Q

How many spikelets per rachis node in Secale cereale?

A

One spikelet per rachis node (similar to wheat)

57
Q

How many florets does a Secale cereale spikelet consist of?

A

Three

58
Q

What structure encloses the florets of a Secale cereale spikelet?

A

A pair of short narrow glumes

59
Q

Characteristics of lower two florets of a Secale cereale spikelet

A

Equal in size and fertile

60
Q

Characteristics of the third floret of a Secale cereale spikelet

A

-usually sterile
-found at tip of a small rachilla between the two fertile florets

61
Q

Characteristics of lemma of Secale cereale

A

Lemma extended into a beard, which is always barbed

62
Q

Characteristics of Secale cereale grains

A

-free threshing
-long and slender
-various shade of blue-green, yellow, or brown

63
Q

Secale cereale is the only cereal commonly grown in Canada that requires…

A

Cross-pollination

64
Q

How does cross-pollination occur in Secale cereale?

A

-lemma and palea open at anthesis —> expose ovary

65
Q

What problem is rye exposed to during the cross-pollination process?

A

Open nature of lemma and palea make rye the cereal most susceptible to ergot

66
Q

Oat latin name

A

Avena sativa

67
Q

Avena sativa common name

A

Oat

68
Q

Avena sativa inflorescence type

A

Panicle

69
Q

Pedicels

A

Secondary branches (off of central rachis) to which the spikelets attach to in panicle inflorescence

70
Q

Panicle in common and hull-less oats

A

Made up of branches occurring at the rachis nodes, each bearing several single spikelets on pedicels

71
Q

Arrangement of pedicels in inflorescence of Avena sativa

A

Alternate form side to side on the rachis

72
Q

Distinguishing characteristic of “side oats”

A

Branches are all on one side of the rachis

73
Q

Characteristics of glumes in Avena sativa

A

-each spikelet consists of a large pair of papery glumes
-slightly unequal in size
-do not have awns
-enclose florets

74
Q

How many florets per spikelet in Avena sativa? How are they arranged?

A

Three florets attached on alternate sides of the rachilla

75
Q

If present, where do awns arise from in Avena sativa? What are these awns called?

A

-arise from mid-back of lemma
-called dorsal lemma awns

76
Q

Size of florets within Avena sativa spikelet?

A

-vary
-first=largest —> largest grain
-second =about half size
-third =usually very small (only sets a small grain in a few varieties)

77
Q

Wild oats latin name

A

Avena fatua

78
Q

Avena fatua common name

A

Wild oats

79
Q

Characteristics of Avena fatua

A

-usually taller than tame oats

Kernels:
-slender
-variable coloured
-hairy
-“sucker mouth” —> scar of attachment

Dorsal Lemma awn:
-each kernel has
-spirally 90* twisted (assists in movement into soil profile)
-sensitive to changes in light and humidity

Dormancy:
-wide range of dormancy conditions (even between kernels from same inflorescence)

80
Q

What is the resulting kernel of a rare cross between a wild and tame oat called?

A

Fatuoid

81
Q

Triticale latin name

A

X Triticosecale Wittmark

82
Q

X Triticosecale Wittmark common name

A

Triticale

83
Q

X Triticosecale Wittmark is the result of a successful cross between…

A

Triticum sp. and Secale sp.

Wheat and rye

84
Q

Morphologically, triticale resembles which of its parent species more?

A

Wheat

85
Q

X Triticosecale Wittmark inflorescence type

A

Spike

86
Q

How many spikelets and florets per rachis node in a X Triticosecale Wittmark spike?

A

Five spikelets per rachis node
Five florets per spikelet

87
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of triticale heads/spikes

A

-Maturing heads are pendulous
-spikes and kernels often larger than spike of wheat or rye
-pubescent below lowest spikelets on the head

88
Q

Triticale kernels are always…

A

Free threshing

89
Q

X Triticosecale Wittmark growth habit

A

Spring or winter

90
Q

X Triticosecale Wittmark end-use

A

Grain or forage (depending on cultivar)

-feed grain: relatively high protein levels
-grown primarily as an alternate feed crop on prairies
-whole grain and flour used in cracker and other speciality food products
-sterile triticale hybrids use in soil restoration projects

91
Q

Triticale vs Wheat

A

Triticale:
-pendulous maturing heads
-larger spikes and kernels
-pubescent below lowest spikelets on the head
-increased vigour
-always free threshing
-high levels of protein

92
Q

Canaryseed latin name

A

Phalaris canariensis

93
Q

Phalaris canariensis common name

A

Canaryseed

94
Q

Saskatchewan is the leading producer and exporter of what cereal crop?

A

Canaryseed

95
Q

Phalaris canariensis end-use

A

-almost exclusively for feed mixtures for caged and wild birds

96
Q

What are the two types of canaryseed?

A
  1. Itchy
  2. Hairless
97
Q

Most of the Phalaris canariensis grown in SK is what type?

A

Itchy

98
Q

Distinguishing characteristic of itchy canaryseed?

A

Seeds have tiny sharp hairs on their base

99
Q

Why is canaryseed less heat and drought tolerant than wheat?

A

It is a shallow rooted crop

100
Q

Phalaris canariensis inflorescence type

A

Spike-like panicle

101
Q

Why should canaryseed never be grown on flax stubble?

A

Its seeds sometimes get confused with flax

102
Q

Canaryseed seeds vs flax seeds?

A

Canaryseed:
-way smaller than flax
-different colour

PLSC 222 Lab (4 decks)

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