Lab 1: Dicot Review Flashcards
Dicot growth pattern
- Determinate
- Indeterminate
Determinate growth
-predetermined # of leaves (or stem nodes)
-then produces inflorescence
-period of vegetative growth, then switches to reproductive development
-uniform maturity
Indeterminate growth
-does NOT have predetermined # of leaves (or stem nodes)
-flower and produce seeds while continuing to grow vegetatively and reproductively
-mature seeds and unopened flowers can exist on one plant
Dicot Stem Growth Habits
- Erect
- Prostrate
- Twining
Erect stem growth habit
-upright
-strong enough to be self-supporting
Prostrate stem growth habit
-lie flat against ground
-stems may or may not root at nodes along length where in contact with soil
Twining stem growth habit
-unique ability to sense objects they touch
-quickly wrap themselves around them for above ground support
Dicot leaves consist of…
Blade and petiole (may or may not be present)
Lamina
-(blade)
-wide, flattened part of leaf
-if present, what petiole attaches to
Dicot leaf venation types
- Pinnate
- Palmate
Pinnate leaf venation
-smaller veins arise from rachis
Rachis
Main central vein in leaves
Palmate leaf venation
-several main veins emerge from common central point at bottom of leaf blade
Dicot leaf forms:
- Simple
- Compound
Simple leaf
Undivided blade
Compound leaf
Subdivided blade consisting of several leaflets
-ignore venation and only look at orientation when classifying (I.e. pinnate or palmate orientation)
How to differentiate between several small simple leaves of leaflets of a compound leaf?
-true leaf =axillary bud present
-leaflet =never has axillary bud
Simple Pinnate Leaf
-undivided blade
-pinnate venation
Compound pinnate leaf
-divided blade
-pinnate (feather-like) orientation of leaflets on the rachis
-leaflets may have sessile or petiolule attachment
-single axillary bud for entire leaf
Petiolule
Structure that attaches leaflets to rachis
Simple palmate leaf
-undivided blade
-palmate venation
Compound palmate leaf
-divided blade
-palmate orientation of leaflets
-leaflets may have sessile or petiolule attachment
-single axillary bud
Trifoliate leaf
-divided blade
-exactly three leaflets per leaf
-many pulse crops
-single axillary bud
Leaf Shape
General outline of the leaf
Cordate leaves
-heart-shaped
-notch at base of leaf blade
Deltoid leaves
-equilateral triangle
-flat at base of leaf
Linear leaves
-long and narrow
-pretty much parallel sides
Lanceolate leaves
-much longer than wide
-widest point of leaf below middle of blade
Ovate leaves
-egg-shaped
-point of attachment at broad end
Leaf Margins
Edge pattern of leaf blade
Entire leaf margins
Not toothed, notched, or divided
Lobed leaf margins
Cut less than halfway to base or midrib
-can be smooth or pointed
Serrate leaf margins
-saw-like
-serrations (teeth) pointed forward toward leaf apex
Double serrate: smaller serrations on the margins of the larger serrations
Phllotaxy
Arrangement of leaves on a stem
Alternate leaf arrangement
One leaf attached per node
Opposite leaf arrangement
-two leaves attached at a node on opposite sides of stem
Whorled leaf arrangement
Circular leaf arrangement involving three or more leaves attached at a node
Stipules
-appendages
-seen as paired structures
-inserted at base of petiole
*part of the leaf
Tendrils
-modified leaf or leaflet of climbing plant
-climb as around suitable objects
Glabrous
-smooth texture
-no hairs
Gynoecium
Female reproductive organs of a flower
Pistil
Stigma, style, and ovary
Androecium
Male reproductive organs of a flower
-collective term for group of stamens
Stamen
An anther and a filament
Dehiscence
Opening of plant structure that facilitates dispersal of its contents
-predetermined for each unique plant structure
-pollen shed by dehiscence
Anthesis
Process of an anther shedding its pollen
Pollen grains
-found on anthers
-contain mall sperm cells
Pollination
Transfer of pollen from anther to sticky receptive area of stigma
Fertilization
Occurs when sperm cells from pollen grains each egg cell inside ovule and fuse with it
Fertilized ovule
Embryo
Embryo develops into…
Seed
-surrounding ovary develops into botanical fruit structure
Primary function of botanical fruits
Seed dispersal
Ovary develops into…
Fruit structure (pericarp)
Ovule develops into…
Embryo
Whorled arrangement of floral organs attached to…
A receptacle
Typical flower
Sepals, petals, stamens, pistils
(Both monocot and dicot)
Sepal
Outermost whorl of flower
-often green and leaf-like
Function: cover and protect flower when it is in bud stage
Calyx
Collective term for sepals
Petals
Flower whorls inside of sepals
Function: attract insects, may have nectaries at their bases
Nectaries
Specialized regions of petal that secrete nectar
Perianth
Collective term for calyx and corolla
-surround reproductive organs
Stamens
-when present, located in whorl immediately inside petals
-consist of filament and anther
-shed pollen by dehiscence (anthesis)
-may be none, few, or many stamens in each flower
Style
Connects upper and basal portions of carpel/pistil
Carpel/Pistil
Located unsure whorl of stamens
-typically stigma, style, and ovary
Stigma
Upper portion of carpel/pistil that receives pollen
-connected to ovary
Ovary
Enlarged basal portion of carpel/pistil
Simple pistil
-unicarpellate
-single locale containing seeds in ovary
Locule
Chamber/cavity within ovary
Compound pistil
Has multiple locales, each containing seeds
Carpel
Basic unit of gynoecium
Pistil
Visual unit of gynoecium
Complete flower
All four types of floral organs present
(Sepals, petals, stamens, pistil)
Incomplete flower
Missing any one of whorls of floral organs
Perfect flower
Stamens and pistil both present
(Bisexual)
Imperfect flower
Pistil or stamens absent
(Unisexual)
Staminate flower
-Imperfect
-containing stamens but no functional pistil
Pistillate flower
Imperfect female flower
-one or more pistils
-no stamens
Monoecious plant
Both staminate and pistillate flowers on same plant
Dioecious plant
Staminate and pistillate flowers occur on separate plants
Synoecious plant
Single plant has all perfect flowers
Polygamous plant
Mixture of imperfect and perfect flowers
Apical meristems
Responsible for increasing plant length
Axillary bud
-found at leaf axil of each node
-from which branching occurs
Dicot endosperm
-usually indistinct
-absorbed into cotyledons for food storage
Dicot embryo parts
-radicle
-plumule
-two vacuoles (cotyledons)
Dicot floral parts usually in units of…
Five (sometimes fours)
Dicot leaf vexation?
Branched
Is a vascular cambium present in dicots?
Yes
Embryonic axis
Radicle and plumule
Epicotyl
Stem unit directly above cotyledons
Epigeal germination
*cotyledons drawn up and out of soil
- Elongation and arching of hypocotyl
-plumule remains enclosed between cotyledons until break surface - Cotyledons photosynthetic for short time
- Cotyledons wither and fall away after first true leaves expand
Germination
Process involving some measure of seedling development
Hilum
-belly button
-scar remaining on testa where seed was attached inside of fruit
Hypocotyl
Stem unit directly below cotyledons
Hypogeal germination
*cotyledons remain below surface
-supply stored energy and provide anchorage
- Epicotyl emerges from between cotyledons
-bent over to draw plumule through soil - Epicotyl straightens to elevate plumule
Leaf axil
Upper angle (armpit) created between leaves at point of connection with stem
Microphyle
-may be visible on testa
-very small hole
-permits entry of moisture into seed at beginning of germ
Plumule
-embryonic shoot
-develops into above ground shoot system
Radicle
-embryonic root
-develops into primary root system
Root apical meristem
-gives rise to primary meristematic tissues that develop into root components
Secondary roots
Branches off taproot
Shoot apical meristem
-upward plant growth
-gives rise to above ground structures
Taproot system
-most dicots
-derived from radicle
-initially sends one major root downward
-only minor lateral branches emerge along length (secondary roots)
Testa
Seed coat
-surround entire embryo
Vascular cambium
-lateral meristem
-gives rise to secondary xylem and phloem tissue
-specialized layer for dicots to increase in girth
Vegetative growth
Proceeds from areas where mitosis division occurs
Spike inflorescence
Unbranched inflorescence on which the individual flowers are sessile to the rachis
Raceme inflorescence
Individual flowers are attached to the rachis by pedicels
-Mature flowers on the raceme will open and mature from the bottom, upward.
Panicle inflorescence
Like a raceme, except the branches of the raceme are branched themselves, forming numerous small racemes emerging from the central axis
Capitulum inflorescence
-resemble one very large flower
-composed of hundreds/thousands of florets
-florets attached to common receptacle surrounded by involucral bracts
Rachis
Main stem axis of an inflorescence
Involucral bracts
A whorl or series of whorled bracts around or beneath a condensed inflorescence
(Easily mistaken for a calyx of a simple single flower)
Solitary inflorescence
An inflorescence held on a stem
Inflorescence
A structure open which a plant’s flowers are arranged
Tubular floret
Corolla is a five pointed tube
Ligulate floret
-corolla has become fuses and extremely one sided
-forms a flat linear petal-like flower
-often short tube at base of floret
-often line outer rim of capitulum (looking like petals)
Simple umbel inflorescence
A large number of pedicels arise from same point on peduncle
(Onions and common geranium)
All members of the aster family have flowers arranged in what type of inflorescence?
Capitulum
Compound/double umbel inflorescence
Many small umbels clustered at top of a peduncle to form single large umbel
(Dill and other members of Apiaceae family)
Botanical fruit structure
A ripened/mature ovary with its enclosed seeds and any other external structures which are attached
-external structures ripen along with the ovary and its contents
Follicle fruit structure
Seed attached along one wall of ovary with pericarp splitting along one side only
-dehiscent
Legume fruit structure
Seeds attached along one wall of the ovary with pericarp splitting along two sides from apex to base
-dehiscent
What type of fruit is only found in the Fabaceae family?
Legumes
Silique fruit structure
-dehiscent
-divided down middle by false septum
-seeds attached to placenta that runs down length of false septum
-split from base to apex
-leaves beak at top of false septum
Silicle fruit structure
Silique that is about as broad as it is long
Silique and silicle fruit types are unique to what family?
Brassicaceae
Capsule fruit structure
-dehiscent
-formed from compound ovary
-highly variable in shape and mode of splitting
A poppy has what fruit structure?
Capsule
Denticidal capsule
Fruit dehiscence by a series of teeth
White cockle has what fruit structure
Denticidal capsule
Poricidal capsule
Fruit dehiscence by a series of small pores
Schizocarp
-dehiscent
-formed from a compound pistil
-the multiple fruit splits into two or more individual fruit sections called mericarps
(Some arranged like sections of an orange)
Mericarps
Individual fruit sections a schizocarp splits into at maturity
-kidney to nearly round in shape
Dehiscent fruit structures
-split at maturity to release contents
Indehiscent fruit structures
-typically single-seeded
-do not split at maturity to release contents
-entire fruit released to act as propagate (seed)
Achene
-pericarp and testa not fused
-pericarp tough or leathery (not woody)
(easily confused with simple seed)
-Indehiscent
What type of fruit structure is a sunflower seed?
Achene
Nuts
-Indehiscent
-pericarp and test not fused
-pericarp distinctly woody
Nutlet
When nut is so small that it is essentially seed-like
Samara
-indehiscent
-pericarp and testa not fuse
-pericarp extended to form a membranous winds to assist in wind dispersal
(I.e. trees)
Caryopsis
-indehiscent
-pericarp and testa tightly fused
What fruit type is only found in Poacea family?
Caryopsis
All cereal grains and grass “seeds” are actually what fruit structure?
Caryopses
The first word of a species name is what?
The genus
The second word of a species name is what?
The specific epithet
Should you underline the first and second words of a species name together or separate?
Separate (no underline across space between words)
Should you capitalize the second word of a species name?
No
Ocrea
Membranous sheath around stem
-forms the stipule of a leaf
Awl-shaped
Linear shape with apex tapering to a fine point
Adpressed
Lying close to another structure, but not completely fused to it
Deciduous
Falling off; not persistent
Fascicle
Pine needles are grouped in bundles/cluster
Leaf scar
The scar remains in on a twig after a leaf has abscised
Pseudo-terminal
Appears to be terminal; buds offset (one higher than the other)
