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PLSC 222 Lab > Lab 1: Dicot Review > Flashcards

Lab 1: Dicot Review Flashcards

1
Q

Dicot growth pattern

A
  1. Determinate
  2. Indeterminate
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2
Q

Determinate growth

A

-predetermined # of leaves (or stem nodes)
-then produces inflorescence
-period of vegetative growth, then switches to reproductive development
-uniform maturity

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3
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

-does NOT have predetermined # of leaves (or stem nodes)
-flower and produce seeds while continuing to grow vegetatively and reproductively
-mature seeds and unopened flowers can exist on one plant

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4
Q

Dicot Stem Growth Habits

A
  1. Erect
  2. Prostrate
  3. Twining
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5
Q

Erect stem growth habit

A

-upright
-strong enough to be self-supporting

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6
Q

Prostrate stem growth habit

A

-lie flat against ground
-stems may or may not root at nodes along length where in contact with soil

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7
Q

Twining stem growth habit

A

-unique ability to sense objects they touch
-quickly wrap themselves around them for above ground support

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8
Q

Dicot leaves consist of…

A

Blade and petiole (may or may not be present)

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9
Q

Lamina

A

-(blade)
-wide, flattened part of leaf
-if present, what petiole attaches to

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10
Q

Dicot leaf venation types

A
  1. Pinnate
  2. Palmate
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11
Q

Pinnate leaf venation

A

-smaller veins arise from rachis

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12
Q

Rachis

A

Main central vein in leaves

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13
Q

Palmate leaf venation

A

-several main veins emerge from common central point at bottom of leaf blade

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14
Q

Dicot leaf forms:

A
  1. Simple
  2. Compound
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15
Q

Simple leaf

A

Undivided blade

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16
Q

Compound leaf

A

Subdivided blade consisting of several leaflets
-ignore venation and only look at orientation when classifying (I.e. pinnate or palmate orientation)

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17
Q

How to differentiate between several small simple leaves of leaflets of a compound leaf?

A

-true leaf =axillary bud present
-leaflet =never has axillary bud

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18
Q

Simple Pinnate Leaf

A

-undivided blade
-pinnate venation

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19
Q

Compound pinnate leaf

A

-divided blade
-pinnate (feather-like) orientation of leaflets on the rachis
-leaflets may have sessile or petiolule attachment
-single axillary bud for entire leaf

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20
Q

Petiolule

A

Structure that attaches leaflets to rachis

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21
Q

Simple palmate leaf

A

-undivided blade
-palmate venation

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22
Q

Compound palmate leaf

A

-divided blade
-palmate orientation of leaflets
-leaflets may have sessile or petiolule attachment
-single axillary bud

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23
Q

Trifoliate leaf

A

-divided blade
-exactly three leaflets per leaf
-many pulse crops
-single axillary bud

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24
Q

Leaf Shape

A

General outline of the leaf

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25
Q

Cordate leaves

A

-heart-shaped
-notch at base of leaf blade

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26
Q

Deltoid leaves

A

-equilateral triangle
-flat at base of leaf

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27
Q

Linear leaves

A

-long and narrow
-pretty much parallel sides

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28
Q

Lanceolate leaves

A

-much longer than wide
-widest point of leaf below middle of blade

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29
Q

Ovate leaves

A

-egg-shaped
-point of attachment at broad end

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30
Q

Leaf Margins

A

Edge pattern of leaf blade

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31
Q

Entire leaf margins

A

Not toothed, notched, or divided

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32
Q

Lobed leaf margins

A

Cut less than halfway to base or midrib
-can be smooth or pointed

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33
Q

Serrate leaf margins

A

-saw-like
-serrations (teeth) pointed forward toward leaf apex

Double serrate: smaller serrations on the margins of the larger serrations

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34
Q

Phllotaxy

A

Arrangement of leaves on a stem

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35
Q

Alternate leaf arrangement

A

One leaf attached per node

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36
Q

Opposite leaf arrangement

A

-two leaves attached at a node on opposite sides of stem

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37
Q

Whorled leaf arrangement

A

Circular leaf arrangement involving three or more leaves attached at a node

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38
Q

Stipules

A

-appendages
-seen as paired structures
-inserted at base of petiole
*part of the leaf

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39
Q

Tendrils

A

-modified leaf or leaflet of climbing plant
-climb as around suitable objects

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40
Q

Glabrous

A

-smooth texture
-no hairs

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41
Q

Gynoecium

A

Female reproductive organs of a flower

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42
Q

Pistil

A

Stigma, style, and ovary

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43
Q

Androecium

A

Male reproductive organs of a flower
-collective term for group of stamens

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44
Q

Stamen

A

An anther and a filament

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45
Q

Dehiscence

A

Opening of plant structure that facilitates dispersal of its contents
-predetermined for each unique plant structure
-pollen shed by dehiscence

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46
Q

Anthesis

A

Process of an anther shedding its pollen

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47
Q

Pollen grains

A

-found on anthers
-contain mall sperm cells

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48
Q

Pollination

A

Transfer of pollen from anther to sticky receptive area of stigma

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49
Q

Fertilization

A

Occurs when sperm cells from pollen grains each egg cell inside ovule and fuse with it

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50
Q

Fertilized ovule

A

Embryo

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51
Q

Embryo develops into…

A

Seed
-surrounding ovary develops into botanical fruit structure

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52
Q

Primary function of botanical fruits

A

Seed dispersal

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53
Q

Ovary develops into…

A

Fruit structure (pericarp)

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54
Q

Ovule develops into…

A

Embryo

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55
Q

Whorled arrangement of floral organs attached to…

A

A receptacle

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56
Q

Typical flower

A

Sepals, petals, stamens, pistils
(Both monocot and dicot)

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57
Q

Sepal

A

Outermost whorl of flower
-often green and leaf-like

Function: cover and protect flower when it is in bud stage

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58
Q

Calyx

A

Collective term for sepals

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59
Q

Petals

A

Flower whorls inside of sepals

Function: attract insects, may have nectaries at their bases

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60
Q

Nectaries

A

Specialized regions of petal that secrete nectar

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61
Q

Perianth

A

Collective term for calyx and corolla
-surround reproductive organs

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62
Q

Stamens

A

-when present, located in whorl immediately inside petals
-consist of filament and anther
-shed pollen by dehiscence (anthesis)
-may be none, few, or many stamens in each flower

63
Q

Style

A

Connects upper and basal portions of carpel/pistil

64
Q

Carpel/Pistil

A

Located unsure whorl of stamens
-typically stigma, style, and ovary

65
Q

Stigma

A

Upper portion of carpel/pistil that receives pollen
-connected to ovary

66
Q

Ovary

A

Enlarged basal portion of carpel/pistil

67
Q

Simple pistil

A

-unicarpellate
-single locale containing seeds in ovary

68
Q

Locule

A

Chamber/cavity within ovary

69
Q

Compound pistil

A

Has multiple locales, each containing seeds

70
Q

Carpel

A

Basic unit of gynoecium

71
Q

Pistil

A

Visual unit of gynoecium

72
Q

Complete flower

A

All four types of floral organs present
(Sepals, petals, stamens, pistil)

73
Q

Incomplete flower

A

Missing any one of whorls of floral organs

74
Q

Perfect flower

A

Stamens and pistil both present
(Bisexual)

75
Q

Imperfect flower

A

Pistil or stamens absent
(Unisexual)

76
Q

Staminate flower

A

-Imperfect
-containing stamens but no functional pistil

77
Q

Pistillate flower

A

Imperfect female flower
-one or more pistils
-no stamens

78
Q

Monoecious plant

A

Both staminate and pistillate flowers on same plant

79
Q

Dioecious plant

A

Staminate and pistillate flowers occur on separate plants

80
Q

Synoecious plant

A

Single plant has all perfect flowers

81
Q

Polygamous plant

A

Mixture of imperfect and perfect flowers

82
Q

Apical meristems

A

Responsible for increasing plant length

83
Q

Axillary bud

A

-found at leaf axil of each node
-from which branching occurs

84
Q

Dicot endosperm

A

-usually indistinct
-absorbed into cotyledons for food storage

85
Q

Dicot embryo parts

A

-radicle
-plumule
-two vacuoles (cotyledons)

86
Q

Dicot floral parts usually in units of…

A

Five (sometimes fours)

87
Q

Dicot leaf vexation?

A

Branched

88
Q

Is a vascular cambium present in dicots?

A

Yes

89
Q

Embryonic axis

A

Radicle and plumule

90
Q

Epicotyl

A

Stem unit directly above cotyledons

91
Q

Epigeal germination

A

*cotyledons drawn up and out of soil

  1. Elongation and arching of hypocotyl
    -plumule remains enclosed between cotyledons until break surface
  2. Cotyledons photosynthetic for short time
  3. Cotyledons wither and fall away after first true leaves expand
92
Q

Germination

A

Process involving some measure of seedling development

93
Q

Hilum

A

-belly button

-scar remaining on testa where seed was attached inside of fruit

94
Q

Hypocotyl

A

Stem unit directly below cotyledons

95
Q

Hypogeal germination

A

*cotyledons remain below surface
-supply stored energy and provide anchorage

  1. Epicotyl emerges from between cotyledons
    -bent over to draw plumule through soil
  2. Epicotyl straightens to elevate plumule
96
Q

Leaf axil

A

Upper angle (armpit) created between leaves at point of connection with stem

97
Q

Microphyle

A

-may be visible on testa
-very small hole
-permits entry of moisture into seed at beginning of germ

98
Q

Plumule

A

-embryonic shoot
-develops into above ground shoot system

99
Q

Radicle

A

-embryonic root
-develops into primary root system

100
Q

Root apical meristem

A

-gives rise to primary meristematic tissues that develop into root components

101
Q

Secondary roots

A

Branches off taproot

102
Q

Shoot apical meristem

A

-upward plant growth
-gives rise to above ground structures

103
Q

Taproot system

A

-most dicots
-derived from radicle
-initially sends one major root downward
-only minor lateral branches emerge along length (secondary roots)

104
Q

Testa

A

Seed coat
-surround entire embryo

105
Q

Vascular cambium

A

-lateral meristem
-gives rise to secondary xylem and phloem tissue
-specialized layer for dicots to increase in girth

106
Q

Vegetative growth

A

Proceeds from areas where mitosis division occurs

107
Q

Spike inflorescence

A

Unbranched inflorescence on which the individual flowers are sessile to the rachis

108
Q

Raceme inflorescence

A

Individual flowers are attached to the rachis by pedicels

-Mature flowers on the raceme will open and mature from the bottom, upward.

109
Q

Panicle inflorescence

A

Like a raceme, except the branches of the raceme are branched themselves, forming numerous small racemes emerging from the central axis

110
Q

Capitulum inflorescence

A

-resemble one very large flower
-composed of hundreds/thousands of florets
-florets attached to common receptacle surrounded by involucral bracts

111
Q

Rachis

A

Main stem axis of an inflorescence

112
Q

Involucral bracts

A

A whorl or series of whorled bracts around or beneath a condensed inflorescence
(Easily mistaken for a calyx of a simple single flower)

113
Q

Solitary inflorescence

A

An inflorescence held on a stem

114
Q

Inflorescence

A

A structure open which a plant’s flowers are arranged

115
Q

Tubular floret

A

Corolla is a five pointed tube

116
Q

Ligulate floret

A

-corolla has become fuses and extremely one sided
-forms a flat linear petal-like flower
-often short tube at base of floret
-often line outer rim of capitulum (looking like petals)

117
Q

Simple umbel inflorescence

A

A large number of pedicels arise from same point on peduncle
(Onions and common geranium)

118
Q

All members of the aster family have flowers arranged in what type of inflorescence?

A

Capitulum

119
Q

Compound/double umbel inflorescence

A

Many small umbels clustered at top of a peduncle to form single large umbel
(Dill and other members of Apiaceae family)

120
Q

Botanical fruit structure

A

A ripened/mature ovary with its enclosed seeds and any other external structures which are attached
-external structures ripen along with the ovary and its contents

121
Q

Follicle fruit structure

A

Seed attached along one wall of ovary with pericarp splitting along one side only
-dehiscent

122
Q

Legume fruit structure

A

Seeds attached along one wall of the ovary with pericarp splitting along two sides from apex to base
-dehiscent

123
Q

What type of fruit is only found in the Fabaceae family?

A

Legumes

124
Q

Silique fruit structure

A

-dehiscent
-divided down middle by false septum
-seeds attached to placenta that runs down length of false septum
-split from base to apex
-leaves beak at top of false septum

125
Q

Silicle fruit structure

A

Silique that is about as broad as it is long

126
Q

Silique and silicle fruit types are unique to what family?

A

Brassicaceae

127
Q

Capsule fruit structure

A

-dehiscent
-formed from compound ovary
-highly variable in shape and mode of splitting

128
Q

A poppy has what fruit structure?

A

Capsule

129
Q

Denticidal capsule

A

Fruit dehiscence by a series of teeth

130
Q

White cockle has what fruit structure

A

Denticidal capsule

131
Q

Poricidal capsule

A

Fruit dehiscence by a series of small pores

132
Q

Schizocarp

A

-dehiscent
-formed from a compound pistil
-the multiple fruit splits into two or more individual fruit sections called mericarps
(Some arranged like sections of an orange)

133
Q

Mericarps

A

Individual fruit sections a schizocarp splits into at maturity
-kidney to nearly round in shape

134
Q

Dehiscent fruit structures

A

-split at maturity to release contents

135
Q

Indehiscent fruit structures

A

-typically single-seeded
-do not split at maturity to release contents
-entire fruit released to act as propagate (seed)

136
Q

Achene

A

-pericarp and testa not fused
-pericarp tough or leathery (not woody)
(easily confused with simple seed)
-Indehiscent

137
Q

What type of fruit structure is a sunflower seed?

A

Achene

138
Q

Nuts

A

-Indehiscent
-pericarp and test not fused
-pericarp distinctly woody

139
Q

Nutlet

A

When nut is so small that it is essentially seed-like

140
Q

Samara

A

-indehiscent
-pericarp and testa not fuse
-pericarp extended to form a membranous winds to assist in wind dispersal
(I.e. trees)

141
Q

Caryopsis

A

-indehiscent
-pericarp and testa tightly fused

142
Q

What fruit type is only found in Poacea family?

A

Caryopsis

143
Q

All cereal grains and grass “seeds” are actually what fruit structure?

A

Caryopses

144
Q

The first word of a species name is what?

A

The genus

145
Q

The second word of a species name is what?

A

The specific epithet

146
Q

Should you underline the first and second words of a species name together or separate?

A

Separate (no underline across space between words)

147
Q

Should you capitalize the second word of a species name?

A

No

148
Q

Ocrea

A

Membranous sheath around stem
-forms the stipule of a leaf

149
Q

Awl-shaped

A

Linear shape with apex tapering to a fine point

150
Q

Adpressed

A

Lying close to another structure, but not completely fused to it

151
Q

Deciduous

A

Falling off; not persistent

152
Q

Fascicle

A

Pine needles are grouped in bundles/cluster

153
Q

Leaf scar

A

The scar remains in on a twig after a leaf has abscised

154
Q

Pseudo-terminal

A

Appears to be terminal; buds offset (one higher than the other)

PLSC 222 Lab (4 decks)

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