Lab 2 - Axial Skeleton

Question 1

What are the Vertebral regions?

Answer 1

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, coccygeal

Question 2

What are the vertebral formulas?

Answer 2

CERVICAL
Cat 7 Cattle 7 Dog 7 Goat 7 Horse 7 Human 7 Pig 7 Sheep 7
THORACIC
13 13 13 13 18 14-15 13 12
LUMBAR
7 6 7 7 6 7-7 6-7 5
SACRAL
3 5 3 5 5 4 4 5
COCCYGEAL
5-23 18-20 20-23 16-18 15-21
4-5 20-23 16-18

Question 3

What are the components of typical vertebra?

Answer 3

Body, arch, spinous processes, transverse processes, articular processes, vertebral foramen, invertebral foramen, vertebral canal

Question 4

Describe C1

Answer 4

-First cervical vertebrae
-Also called as Atlas
-Large transverse process
-Large vertebra but relatively small body
-concave cranial and caudal articular surfaces
-Hinge joint
-No spinous process

Question 5

Describe C2

Answer 5

-Second cervical vertebra
-also called as Axis
-Prominent spinous process
-Convex cranially and concave caudally
-Pivot joint
-large vertebra

Question 6

Describe Odontoid process

Answer 6

-Also called as dens
-located at the cranial extension of the body of C2
-fit into the posterior part of Atlas
-forms a pivot joint
-Allows animal to rotate head

Question 7

Describe C3-C7

Answer 7

-remaining cervical vertebral decrease in overall size
-but the dorsal spinous processes increase in height toward C7
-Large plat-like transverse processes
-C7 contain facets, which articulate with the head of 1st pair of ribs
-foraminae lateral to body carry nerves and blood vessels

Question 8

what are the rib attachments?

Answer 8

-Costo-articular faces (union with head of the ribs)
-Transverse costal facet (articulation with the tubercle of the rib having the same nubmer)
-Tall dorsal spinous processes

Question 9

Describe Lumbar

Answer 9

-Large tranverse process
-Short to moderate dorsal spinous process
-No rib attachment

Question 10

Describe Thoratcic

Answer 10

-small transverse processes
-Tall, narrow dorsal spinous processes
-rib attachements present

Question 11

Describe Sacral vertebrae

Answer 11

-concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly
-5 fused vertebrae
-articulations
-last number vertebral (cranially)
-first coccygeal vertebra (caudally)
-Wing of the ilium (pelvis)

Question 12

Describe coccygeal vertebrae

Answer 12

Decreasing size with less processes and more cylindrical shape moving caudally

Question 13

Describe Ligamentum nuchae 項韌帶

Answer 13

nuchal 頸ligament
-attaches beween C2 and T1
-helps to support head and neck

Question 14

Rib structure

Answer 14

-Head
-Neck
-Tubercle
-Angle
-Costal groove肋溝
-shaft/body
-sternal end 胸骨端

Question 15

What are the major types of ribs

Answer 15

Sternal
-known as true ribs
-extend directly from vertebrae to attach by costal cartilage to the sternum (ribs 1-7)

Asternal
-Known as false ribs
-dont attach directly to sterum
-connect to costal cartilage cranial to it
-ribs 8-10

Floating
-No connection to sterum at any point
-ribs 11-12

Intercostal spaces
- largely occupied by muscles (intercostal muscles)
-11 on each side
-allows for flexibility in moving the chest
-entry point for thoracic surgery

Question 16

What are the major components of the sternum

Answer 16

Manubrium sterni 胸骨柄
-cranial extremity of the sternum
-projects craniad to the 1st pair of ribs
-cariniform cartilage projects cranially

Body
-formed with sternebrae (unpaired segmental series of bones)
-shape
-Dog/Cat - cylindrical
-Rminants - wide and flat
-Horse, chicken - ventral keel

Xiphoid process
-caudal extremity of sternum
-xiphoid cartilage projects caudally

Question 17

What are the functions of sternum

Answer 17

-Forms the floor of the bony thorax and also for protection
-provides attachemtn to costal cartilages of sternal ribs which provide flexibility in chest expansion
-place of origin for the pectoral胸 muscles which allow adduction of forelimbs