Lab Flashcards
Hyperglycemia
Chronically high blood glucose level.
Causes of hyperglycemia
Forgetting your insulin or oral glucose lowering medication.
Eating the wrong foods.
Eating too much food.
Infection
Illness
Increased stress
Decreased activity.
Signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia
Increased thirst
Blurred vision
Frequent urination
Increased hunger.
Numbness or tingling in the feet.
Fatigue.
Sugar in the urine.
Weight loss.
Vaginal and skin infections.
Slow healing cuts and sores.
Complications of hyperglycemia
Blindensess
Kidney failure
Amputation
Treatment and prevention
Exercise
Low sugar foods
Taking oral tablets
Insulin is taking
Hypoglycemia
Low blood glucose levels. It is due to imbalance between glucose intake and glucose utilization.
Causes of hypoglycemia
Over dose of insulin
Fasting hypoglycemia
Insulinoma : tumor of islet cells of the pancreas which causes an increase in insulin secretion.
Symptoms of hypoglycemia
Sweating
Lack of coordination
Blurred vision
Rapid pulse
Paleness and weakness
Complications of hypoglycemia
Severe confusion and disorientation.
Unconsciousness
Seizures
Coma
Death
Mechanism of insulin release
In normal pancreatic beta cells, insulin production is constant irrespective of blood glucose levels. It is stored within vacuoles release via exocytosis which is primarily triggered by food containing glucose.
Exocytosis is triggered through the following steps:
1- glucose enters the beta cells through the glucose transporter glut2.
2- glucose goes into glycolysis and the respiratory cycle where ATP molecules are produced.
3- dependent on the ATP ratio , the ATP dependent potassium channels close and the cell membrane depolarizes
4- on depolarization , calcium channels open and ca flows into the cells.
5- significantly increased amounts of calcium in the cells cause release of insulin
Released insulin decreases blood glucose via:
In the liver : inhibiting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis.
In the muscle and liver : increase glycogen synthesis
In the muscle and adipose tissue : insulin increases glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transporters in the cell membrane.
Diabetes mellitus
Chronic disease in which your blood glucose levels are too high
Symptoms of DM
Hyperglycemia
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Weight loss
Type 1 DM
Insulin dependent
Usually during childhood
Symptoms develop rapidly
Autoimmune disease
There is no insulin production
Treatment is an insulin injection.
Type 2 DM
Non insulin dependent
Usually after age 35
Metabolic condition and genetics
Insulin resistant
Healthy lifestyle
Complications of DM
Heart diseases
High blood pressure
Kidney diseases
Blindness
Nervous system diseases
Dental problems
Why does Dm cause dental problems
Due to having infections of gums, diabetes can reduce the blood supply to the gums
High blood glucose levels may increase The incidence of dry mouth and gum diseases because of presence less saliva and more tooth decaying bacteria
Symptoms with diabetic patients related to dentistry
Bleeding gums
Bacterial or fungal infection
Bad breath
General advices for diabetic patients
Take care of your gums and teeth
Rinse with antiseptic mouthwash daily
Get a dental checkup every 6 months.
Keep your blood sugar under control.
Diagnosis of DM
2 hours glucose : normal <140
DM>200
Fasting glucose:
Normal <110
DM >125
A1C test glycated hemoglobin test:
