Lab

Question 1

5 general bill shapes

Answer 1

long
short
bent
conical
spatulate

Question 2

5 bill tip shapes

Answer 2

hooked
crossed
acute
chisel
nail

Question 3

3 commissure angles

Answer 3

straight
decurved
recurved

Question 4

4 tomia types

Answer 4

toothed
notched
serrate
lamellate

Question 5

3 beak cross section types

Answer 5

terete
depressed
compressed

Question 6

4 nostril shapes

Answer 6

tubular
linear
oval
circle

Question 7

4 tarsal coverings

Answer 7

feathered
reticulated
scutellate
booted

Question 8

5 toe arrangements

Answer 8

anisodactyl
zygodactyl
heterodactyl
syndactyl
pamprodactyl

Question 9

Which toe arrangement has the first digit back and the other three forward?

Answer 9

anisodactyl

Question 10

which toe arrangement has digits 1 and 4 backward?

Answer 10

zygodactyl

Question 11

which toe arrangement has digits 1 and 2 backward?

Answer 11

heterodactyl

Question 12

which toe arrangement has digits 2 and 3 mostly connected?

Answer 12

syndactyl

Question 13

which toe arrangement has all 4 digits forwards?

Answer 13

pamprodactyl

Question 14

two hallux positions?

Answer 14

elevated and incumbent

Question 15

5 toe membrane types

Answer 15

palmate
semipalmate
totipalmate
lobate
fringed

Question 16

5 toe nail types

Answer 16

acute
lengthened
pectinate - serrated
flattened - human nail
obtuse

Question 17

6 tail types

Answer 17

pointed - middle rectrices longer than others
square - all same length
emarginate - increase in length outwards - gradual
forked - increase in length outwards - abrupt
rounded - shorten outwards gradually
graduated - shorten outwards abruptly

Question 18

what are remiges and retrices?

Answer 18

remiges are flight feathers, retrices are tail feathers

Question 19

what are contour feathers, what do they consist of?

Answer 19

body feathers - a series of barbicels attached to barbules attached to barbs which are attached to a central rachis

Question 20

5 feather types

Answer 20

contour - body/ wing feathers
down - chicks, lacks rachis
semiplume - between down and contour can be ornamental
filoplume
bristle - both are sensory or ornamental feathers

Question 21

what is the angle of attack and what does changing it do

Answer 21

the angle between the direction of the wing and the relative direction of the wind

• higher angle = more lift but too high = stalling

Question 22

landing is a _____ ____

Answer 22

controlled stall

Question 23

5 important parts of a wing

Answer 23

coverts - ‘ upper wing ‘
primaries - control most of flying
secondaries - come from ulna
tertiaries - from humerous
alula - thumb - creates slot to allow lift and prevent stalling

Question 24

Define camber

Answer 24

wing ‘ depth’
lower camber = less lift, less drag, faster flight
higher camber = more lift more drag slower flight

Question 25

Define slots

Answer 25

primary wing feathers may be slotted on soaring birds
- slots act as an airfoil to give additional lift

Question 26

Define aspect ratio

Answer 26

comparing wing length to width

high aspect ratio = long and narrow - good for soaring but not maneuvering

low aspect ratio - short and broad - bad for soaring but high maneuverability

Question 27

Define wing loading

Answer 27

• wing area to bird weight
  high loading is heavier birds
  low is lighter birds

Question 28

4 main wing types and advantages

Answer 28

elliptical - round short wings that are maneuverable and quick to take off but cant do long flights and high speeds

high speed - low camber flat wings with no slots - high speeds

high aspect ratio - seabirds - long narrow wings slow to take off but can soar well - no slots

slotted high lift - broad with high aspect ratio - high camber - slots for circling - eagles vultures