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A&P > Lab 12: Skeletal System Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage > Flashcards

Lab 12: Skeletal System Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebrae are in the cervical region and where is it located?

A

7 vertebrae and the first region

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2
Q

How many vertebrae in the thoracic region and where is it located?

A

12 vertebrae and in the second region

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3
Q

How many vertebrae in the lumbar region and where is it located

A

5 vertebrae and in the third region

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4
Q

How many fused vertebrae in the sacral region and where is it located

A

5 fused vertebrae and in the fourth region

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5
Q

How many fused vertebrae in the coccygeal region and where is it located

A

4 fused vertebrae and in the last/fifth region

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6
Q

Where are intervertebral discs found and what are their function

A

-in between consecutive vertebra
-provide shock absorption

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7
Q

What are intervertebral discs composed of

A

-outer ring (anulus fibrosis): tough fibrocartilage
-inner material: gel like nucleus pulposus

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8
Q

What occurs in a ruptured disc

A

-cracking of the anulus fibrosis allows the gel to exude and put pressure on spinal nerves

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9
Q

what is the vertebral column function

A

provides attachment sites for muscles

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10
Q

what is the vertebral canal

A

formed by vertebral foramina of articulated vertebrae, houses the spinal cord which allows the column to protect delicate neural tissue

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11
Q

what is intervertebral foramen

A

two adjacent, articulated vertebrae form it and it is what the spinal nerves travel through

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12
Q

what are considered primary curvatures

A

thoracic and sacral because they retain the original c shaped curvature

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13
Q

what type of curvatures develop during infancy

A

secondary curvatures develop in response to stresses related to holding up our head (cervical) and standing upright (lumbar)

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14
Q

what does kyphosis look like

A

overly bent outward upper back to where head leans forward

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15
Q

what does lordosis look like

A

overly bent inward in the lower back to where lower half sticks outward

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16
Q

what does scoliosis look like

A

curved back to either side to where one shoulder is higher than the other

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17
Q

what is the body of the vertebrae

A

anterior, rounded; weight bearing structure in most vertebrae

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18
Q

what is the pedicle of a vertebrae

A

part of the vertebral arch; the foot piece which attaches to both sides of the body

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19
Q

what is the transverse process

A

two lateral projections that protrude from each pedicle

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20
Q

spinous process

A

a single posterior projection

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21
Q

lamina

A

part of vertebral arch; a plate that connects the transverse process to the spinous process

22
Q

vertebral foramen

A

a large opening bordered by the body and vertebral arch that transmits the spinal cord

23
Q

articular processes

A

two superior and inferior processes that articulate with adjacent vertebrae; the superior process faces toward the spinous process and the inferior articular process faces in the opposite direction

24
Q

what is the first vertebral in the cervical region called; what makes it differ from other vertebrae

A

-atlas after the greek god who carried the world on his shoulders
-lacks a body and includes two large superior articular facets which articulate with occipital condyles of the skull to permit the up and down motion fo the head
-yes

25
Q

what is the second cervical vertebra called; what makes it differ from other vertebrae

A

-axis (C2)
-includes large vertical process known as dens or the odontoid process which serves as a pivot for rotation of the atlas and skull in a medial and lateral direction
-no

26
Q

what makes cervical vertebrae differ from other regions

A

-smaller and lighter than thoracic and lumbar
-include bifurcated (notched) spinous process which looks like the face of an elephant in posterior view
-all transverse processes have transverse foramina wich transmit blood vessels delivering blood to the brain

27
Q

what is the seventh vertebrae of the cervical region called and why does it differ from other cervical vertebrae

A

-vertebra prominens
-larger and not bifurcated which can be palpated quite easily

28
Q

what are the 12 thoracic vertebrae referred to as and how can they be distinguished

A

-t1 through t12
-larger body than those of cervical vertebrae
-long, narrow spinous process that slants inferiorly; looks like face of giraffe from posterior
-costal facets articulate with ribs and located on the transverse process and the superior and inferior costal facets located on the superior and inferior aspects of the vertebral body

29
Q

what are the lumbar vertebrae referred to as and how do they differ from other vertebrae

A

-L1 through L5
-presence of a large body to support body weight and short, thick, hatchet-shaped spinous process extending posteriorly (looks like moose)

30
Q

what is the sacrum

A

a triangular bone in the adult resulting from the fusion of five sacral vertebrae
-articulates superiorly with L5 at the superior articular processes and inferiorly withe the coccyx

31
Q

what is the sacral foramina

A

openings for sacral nerves and blood vessels throughout all vertebrae in the sacrum

32
Q

what is the median sacral crest

A

-on the posterior side and is a remnant of the spinous process of the fused vertebrae

33
Q

what is the sacral canal

A

superior opening extending into the sacrum and represents the end of the vertebral canal

34
Q

what is the coccyx/tailbone

A

formed by the fusion of two or more coccygeal vertebrae and is attached inferiorly to the sacrum by ligaments

35
Q

what is the thoracic cage

A

part of axial skeleton that surrounds the thoracic cavity

36
Q

what is. the thoracic cage composed of

A

thoracic vertebrae, ribs with their costal cartilages, and sternum

37
Q

what are costal cartilages

A

made of hyaline cartilage which provides some flexibility and attach ribs to the sternum

38
Q

what is the thoracic cage function

A

protect the heart, lungs, and other organs within the thoracic cavity

39
Q

what is the sternum

A

relatively wide and is classified as a flat bone of the anterior thorax

40
Q

what is the sternum composed of

A

three bones fused together during development
-manubrium, body of the sternum, xiphoid process

41
Q

what is the manubrium

A

most superior bone of the sternum and is fused to the body of the sternum at the sternal angle

42
Q

what is the jugular notch

A

located on the superior part of the manubrium and between two clavicles join to the manubrium

43
Q

how many pairs of ribs are there

A

12

44
Q

what are the first seven pair of ribs called

A

true ribs because their costal cartilages attach directly to the sternum

45
Q

what are the last five rib pairs called

A

false ribs because they do not attach directly to the sternum

46
Q

what are ribs 11 and 12 called

A

floating ribs since they lack any anterior attachment

47
Q

what is the space between adjacent ribs called

A

intercostal space

48
Q

what type of bone is rib

A

elongated, curved, flat bone

49
Q

what is the sternal end of a rib

A

articulates with costal cartilage located on the anterior thoracic cage

50
Q

what is the head of each rib

A

articulates with costal facets of thoracic vertebrae

51
Q

what is the tubercle of each rib

A

-posterior but instead articulates with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae

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