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Last Lab Exam!!!! > Lab 12 > Flashcards

Lab 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What is urine composed of

A

Substances from the blood plasma that have been filtered out

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2
Q

Nitrogenous waste by product of protein metabolism

A

Urea

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3
Q

Nitrogenous waste by product of nucleic acid metabolism

A

Uric acid

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4
Q

When oxygen is low the kidney will secrete this hormone to stimulate RBC production

A

Erythropoietin

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5
Q

The functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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6
Q

What are the three major functions of the kidney

A

Filtration

reabsorption

secretion

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7
Q

This major function of the nephron is bulk movement of fluid from the blood into the nephron

Takes place in glomerulus

A

Filtration

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8
Q

This function of the nephron is returning substances from the filtrate back to the blood

A

Reabsorption

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9
Q

This function of the nephron is movement of individual ions from the blood into the nephron tubule (H+ K+)

A

Secretion

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10
Q

The innermost layer of the glomerular filter is made up of fenestrations of of what

A

Capillary endothelium

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11
Q

The middle layer of the glomerular filter limits what can pass based on electrical charge

A

Basil lamina

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12
Q

The outermost layer of the glomerular filter creates filtration slits that limit what can pass through based on size

A

Pedicel of the podocytes

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13
Q

The fluid that leaves the blood in the glomerulus and enters the Bowman capsule

A

Filtrate

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14
Q

What can get through the filter and what can not list organic molecules that get filtered out of the blood and become part of the filtrate

A

Amino acids, glucose, lipids and nitrogenous waste

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15
Q

Which category of molecules in the plasma is prevented from passing through the glomerular filtrate

A

Protein

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16
Q

Which major component of blood ( plasma versus formed/ cellular elements)contains substances that are completely prevented from passing through the glomerular filter

A

Cellular elements

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17
Q

Most reabsorption starts here

A

Proximal tubule 65%

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18
Q

This is the only location in the tubule where organic molecules can be reabsorbed

A

Proximal tubule

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19
Q

Only water is reabsorbed in this segment of the nephron

A

Descending limb of the loop of Henley

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20
Q

Only ions are reabsorbed in this segment of the nephron

A

Ascending limb of the loop of Henle

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21
Q

The kidneys produce _____ liters of filtrate every day

Only _____ leaders is excreted from the body daily

A

1) 180

2) 1-2 liters

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22
Q

A minimum of _____ milliliters per day must be excreted to remove waste product from metabolism this is called:

A

400

Obligatory water loss

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23
Q

Water will move across a membrane to a location with more of these

A

Osmotically active solutes

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24
Q

If only water is being reabsorbed from the descending limb what happens to the concentration or osmolarity of the filtrate from the top of the limb to the bottom

A

Filtrate becomes more concentrated with osmotically active solute

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25
Q

If only ions are being reabsorbed from the ascending limb what happens to the concentration or osmolarity of the filtrate from the bottom of the loop to the top

A

It becomes more diluted mixing solutes with water

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26
Q

Which must move first water from the descending limb or ions from the ascending limb and why

A

Ions from the ascending limb

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27
Q

Water and ions are reabsorbed in the (what two parts of the nephron)

A

Distal Convoluted tubule

Collecting duct

28
Q

This section of the nephron is where urine is concentrated and water is conserved to prevent dehydration

A

Collecting duct

29
Q

When potassium levels are too high in the body

A

Hyperkalemia

30
Q

When potassium levels are too low in the body

A

Hypokalemia

31
Q

If the nephron is the effector what are the stimuli list all that apply

A

Changes in blood pressure

Changes in total blood volume

32
Q

These three hormones play the role of efferent pathway in a feedback loop targeting the cells of the collecting ducts and other related cells

A

1) vasopressin
2) aldosterone
3) atrial natriuretic hormone

33
Q

This hormone is also called antidiuretic

An increases water reabsorption

A

Vasopressin

34
Q

This hormone increases sodium reabsorption

An increases potassium secretion

A

Aldosterone

35
Q

This hormone is an antagonist to both aldosterone and vasopressin

Reduces water and salt reabsorption

Increases water excretion

A

Atrial natriuretic hormone

36
Q

The evaluation of the content of urine is called

A

Urinalysis

37
Q

Test of color and clarity can be used as a rough test of content using this examination

A

Visual examination

38
Q

This provides a quick test for substances that should not be present in the urine (glucose protein blood cells)

A

Dipsticks
or
chemical reagent test strips

39
Q

This test provides a visual examination of the actual content of urine

A

Microscopic analysis

40
Q

Urine is spun in a _____ to separate the liquid from the solid substances

A

Centrifuge

41
Q

Once spun urines heavier substances will fall to the bottom while the liquid called ______ remains above

A

Supernatant

42
Q

List seven causes of cloudy urine

A

1) Increase cells white blood cells or red blood cells
2) numerous crystals
3) bacteria
4) lipidoria
5) mucus
6) semen
7) fecal contamination

43
Q

What is the normal odor of urine

A

Slightly nutty

44
Q

What is the normal color of urine

A

Pale to dark yellow

45
Q

List three possible causes of low specific gravity

A

1) drinking excess fluids
2) severe kidney
3) diuretics

46
Q

List three possible causes of high specific gravity

A

1) not drinking enough liquid
2) loss of too much liquid through vomit sweat or diarrhea
3) substances such as sugar or protein in urine

47
Q

List four possible causes of high/alkaline pH

A

1) prolonged vomiting
2) kidney disease
3) urinary tract infection
4) asthma

48
Q

List eight possible causes of low/ acidic pH

A

1) emphysema. 2) uncontrolled diabetes
3) aspirin overdose 4) prolonged diarrhea
5) dehydration. 6) starvation
7) excess alcohol intake 8) drinking antifreeze

49
Q

What are the three most common causes of proteinuria

A

1) urinary tract inflammation
2) hematuria
3) glomerular disease

50
Q

What is the technical name for the condition of glucose in the urine

A

Glycosuria

51
Q

List five causes of high ketones in the blood

A

1) poorly controlled diabetes
2) very low carb diet
3) starvation
4) alcoholism
5) poisoning from drinking rubbing alcohol

52
Q

What causes high nitrates in the urine

A

Bacteria, gram-negative rods ( e coli )

53
Q

Which two protein molecules are actually detected in the blood measurement

A

1) hemoglobin

2) myoglobin

54
Q

What is the cause of high urobilinogen

A

Hemolysis of erythrocytes

to the point that the liver can’t process bilirubin

55
Q

List four types of material that can be found in the urine when examined under the microscope

A

1) microorganisms
2) cells
3) crystals
4) cast and fibers

56
Q

What is the name of the condition of red blood cells in the urine

A

Hematuria

57
Q

List six possible causes of red blood cells in the urine

A

1) glomerular damage
2) kidney trauma
3) urinary tract infection
4) blood toxins
5) physical stress
6) menstruation

58
Q

What is the name of the condition of abnormal numbers of white blood cells in the urine

A

Pyuria

59
Q

List five conditions that cast can indicate

A

1) inflammation / damage to nephrons in the kidneys
2) poor blood supply to kidneys
3) metal poisoning ( lead or Mercury )
4) heart failure
5) bacterial infection

60
Q

List three conditions that can be indicated by the presence of crystals in urine

A

1) kidney stones
2) metabolism issues
3) medications

61
Q

What metabolic by-product from hemoglobin colors urine yellow

A

Bilirubin

62
Q

How can adequate water intake be judged by the color of urine

A

Over hydrated = clear

Dehydrated = concentrated dark

63
Q

What is hematuria

A

Red blood cells in the urine

64
Q

What is ketoneuria

A

Large amounts of ketones in the urine

found in patients with diabetes mellitus and patients who are starving

65
Q

Elevated levels of white blood cells produce what condition in urine

A

Pyuria

66
Q

What cells can be found in urine that come from the urethra or bladder

A

Squamous epithelial cells

Last Lab Exam!!!! (4 decks)

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