Lab 11 Flashcards
This system Serves as a major highway for transporting substances from one location to another in the body
Cardiovascular system.
What are the effectors for altering the flow of blood (3)
1) sinoatrial node conducting cells (heart rate)
2) left ventricle contractile cells ( to alter stroke volume)
3) smooth muscle cells of arterioles (adjusting distribution of blood in the body)
What effector alters heart rate
Conducting cells of the sinoatrial node
What effector alter stroke volume
Contractile cells of the left ventricle
What effector adjusts the distribution of blood in the body
Smooth muscles of the arterioles
This will restrict blood flow
Vasoconstriction
This will increase blood flow
Vasodilation
Force of contraction is called
Myocardial contractility
Norepinephrine has what effect on the arterioles (vasoconstriction or vasodilation)
Vasoconstriction
What effect does epinephrine have on arterials (vasoconstriction or vasodilation)
Vasodilation
Increased CO2, decreased O2, increased temperature, and decreased pH are local signals that lead to:
(Vasoconstriction or vasodilation)
Vasodilation
Respiration involves what three steps?
1) gas exchange at the cells
2) gas exchange at the lungs
3) ventilation
This step involves oxygen leaving and carbon dioxide entering the blood
Gas exchange at the cells
This step involves oxygen entering and carbon dioxide leaving the blood at the alveoli
Gas exchange at the lungs
The process of moving air into and out of the lungs
Ventilation
Gases whether a mixture or an individual gas will move down what?
Pressure gradients ( high to low )
This law states there is an inverse relationship between the pressure of gas and the volume of its container
Boyle’s law
Volume is increased and pressure is decreased what law are we referring to
Boyle’s law
The total pressure of a mixed gas is the sum of all of the partial pressures of the individual gases
(What law states)
Dalton’s law
Ventilation provides a clear example of which law?
Boyle’s or Dalton’s
Boyle’s law
When air moves out of the lungs where is pressure higher
Atmospheric or alveolar
Alveolar
What is the term that means oxygen required
Aerobic
What are the names of the aerobic pathways (2)
Electron transport system
Citric acid cycle
Where do the aerobic pathways take place in the cell
Mitochondria
What are the names of the two anaerobic pathways
Glycolysis
ATP -CP system
Where do the anaerobic pathways take place in the cell
Cytosol
Oxygen is used at the very last step of this energy pathway
Electron transport system
At the end of the electron transport system oxygen combines with _____ two form _____
Hydrogen
And forms water
How do we get rid of carbon from our body
We exhale carbon dioxide
What energy pathway forms the carbon dioxide
Citric acid cycle
What is the primary structure of regulation within the lungs (respiratory effector)
Bronchioles
The smooth muscles of the bronchioles can Decrease the size of the airway and reduce the amount of air that can flow into and out of the lungs. Aka
Bronchonstriction
When smooth muscles of the bronchioles relax this causes the opening of airways that would increase the ability of air to flow into and out of the lungs
Bronchodilation
Under what condition would bronchodilation occur
(Fight or flight or rest and digest)
Fight or flight
Why does bronchodilation occur during fight or flight
Allows oxygen to reach tissues of muscles faster
Allows the body to get rid of excess carbon dioxide
Which signal molecule would bind to receptors of the bronchial smooth muscle cells to stimulate bronchodilation
Epinephrine
What type of signal molecule is epinephrine and what is its source
Neurohormone
Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
What is the name of the specific receptor for epinephrine at the bronchial smooth muscle
Beta 2 adrenergic receptors
What condition would bronchoconstriction occur
Fight or flight or rest and digest
Rest and digest
Why does bronchoconstriction occur during rest and digest
Airflow is not in demand
when resting demand for oxygen decreases
Which signal molecule would bind to receptors of the bronchial smooth muscle cells to stimulate bronchoconstriction
Acetylcholine
What type of signal molecule is acetylcholine and what is its source
Neurotransmitter
Post ganglionic parasympathetic neuron
What is the name of the specific receptor for acetylcholine at the bronchial smooth muscle
Muscarinic
These control airway diameter
Bronchioles smooth muscle
Skeletal muscles control _____ by contracting and relaxing rhythmically
Ventilation
What is the primary muscle of ventilation
Diaphragm
Air being drawn into the lungs is known as
Inspiration
Increased volume leads to decreased pressure during what
(Inspiration or expiration)
Inspiration
Forcing air out is known as
Expiration
Decreased volume leads to an increase pressure during_____
(Inspiration or expiration)
Expiration
Which type of cells are the effectors for altering ventilation
Skeletal muscle cells
Diaphragm
What is the efferent pathway that innervates the diaphragm during ventilation
Somatic motor neurons
What signal molecule would influence somatic motor neurons during ventilation
Acetylcholine
What is the name of the specific receptor located on the somatic motor neurons for ventilation
Nicotinic receptors
During the fight or flight response what would you want skeletal muscle cells that alter ventilation to do
Increase the strength and increase the rate of the contraction relaxation cycle
The ability to stretch is called
Compliance
Recoil or return from a stretch is called
Elasticity
The integrating center for ventilation and blood flow is
Medulla oblongata
Modulation of respiratory system affecters also requires contribution from a secondary brain stem integration center called
Pons
What is the full name of the integration center that serves both the cardiovascular and respiratory system
Medulla oblongata
What additional brain stem integration center is required to modulate respiratory function
Pons
What are the three effectors (cells and location) for the cardiovascular system
1) conducting cells of the sinoatrial node
2) contractile cells of the left ventricle
3) smooth muscle cells of arterioles
What are the two effectors (cells and locations) for the respiratory system
1) bronchial smooth muscle cells
2) diaphragm muscle (skeletal muscle)
What is the central receptor for CO2
Chemo receptors in the medulla oblongata
What is the peripheral sensor for CO2
Chemoreceptors on the carotid or aorta
(Type 1 or glomus cells)
Where is the peripheral sensor for oxygen
Glomus cells in carotid artery / aorta (chemoreceptor)
What is the Central sensor for pH
Chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata
What is the peripheral sensor for pH
Type 1 or glomis cells in the carotid artery / aorta ( chemoreceptor)
Does carbon dioxide or oxygen have a higher stimulus reaction
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide and water in the presence of _____ _____enzyme will be converted to carbonic acid
Carbonic anhydrase
Carbon Dioxide + water
in the presence of
Carbonic anhydrase
form
Carbonic acid
CO2 + H20 —-> H2CO3 —–> H+ + HCO3 What is this saying
Carbon dioxide and water in the presence of carbonic anhydrase Convert to carbonic acid.
Excess accumulation of carbon dioxide leads to a state called
Respiratory acidosis
Too little carbon dioxide is associated with
Respiratory alkalosis
What will happen to blood carbon dioxide levels if a person holds their breath (hypoventilates) Increases or decreases
Increases
What will happen to blood carbon dioxide levels if a person hyperventilates Increase or decrease
Decreases
This trigger causes the body to accumulate carbon dioxide which will decrease a blood pH that is too alkaline
Hypoventilation
This trigger can cause the body to remove excess carbon dioxide increasing pH that is too acidic
Hyperventilation
What two systems work together to balance pH
Respiratory and urinary
The amount of air brought into the lungs during normal restful breathing is called
Tidal volume
Breathing beyond normal inspiration
Inspiratory reserve volume
Breathing out beyond normal expiration (deep breath out)
Expiratory reserve volume
These are made up of one or more lung volume
Lung capacities
There is additional room for more air to enter exit the lungs (depend on how deeply a person breathes)
Lung volumes
Extra air in the lungs that can’t contract is called
Residual volume
Total volume + inspiratory reserve volume = _____ _____
Inspiratory capacity
Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume = _____ _____
Vital capacity
Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume = _____ _____ _____
Total lung capacity
Everything below title volume expiratory reserve volume Plus residual volume is called
Functional residual capacity
These havent been graded sooooo……
hasnt been graded
