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Lab D MT2 > Lab 11- Kidney Function > Flashcards

Lab 11- Kidney Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is lab diagnosis of kidney func based off

A

Body weight
- increase –> oedema, ascites
- decrease –> chronic kidney disease

Body condition

General status/ behaviour
- depressed

Fur quality, skin turgor
- not nice hair
- decreased turgor

Shape of body
- swelling

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2
Q

Water
- normal

A

20-40 ml/kg body weight/day

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3
Q

Water
- max

A

80 ml/kgBW/day - dog,
40 ml/kgBW/day - cat

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4
Q

Water
- General dog
- Small dog

A

(30 ml/ kg bw): 1 l/day
3 dl/day (300 ml/day)

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5
Q

Water
- Cat

A

1 dl/day (100 ml/day)

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6
Q

Water
- Horse

A

20-30l/day

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7
Q

Water
- Cattle

A

20-40 l/day

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8
Q

Water
- sheep/goat

A

1-2 l/day

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9
Q

Water
- swine

A

3-8 l/day

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10
Q

Urine output
- dog

A

20-40 ml/kg body weight/day

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11
Q

Urine output
- ccat

A

10-20 ml/kg body weight/day

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12
Q

Urine output
- horse

A

5-15 l/day

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13
Q

Urine output
- cattle

A

20-40 l/day

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14
Q

Urine output
- sheep

A

1-2 l/day

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15
Q

Urine output
- Swine

A

3-8 l/day

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16
Q

What is diagnosis of kidney failure based off?

A

anamnesis, physical examination of the patient and laboratory examination of blood and urine

(urinary sediment, protein, sodium, potassium, calcium, inorganic phosphate and creatinine content of urine).

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17
Q

Azotaemia

A

accumulation of nitrogen containing protein breakdown products in the blood (for example: urea).

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18
Q

Ureamia

A

severe increase in the level of nitrogen containing protein breakdown products and toxins in the blood, leading to obvious clinical signs

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19
Q

Determination of Glomerular function

A
  1. Urea colour test
  2. Enzymatic Urea method
20
Q

normal urea vol

A

8-10 mmol/l

21
Q

Causes of increased blood urea concentration:
- pre renal factors

A
  • increased Nitrogen intake
  • Poor energy status in ru
22
Q

Ru protein intake
- how it is catabolised

A
  • into Nh3 and resynthesised by rumen micro organisms.
    10% bypass proteins
23
Q

Where is urea excreted from?

A

salivary gland, ruminal wall, kidney and
udder too.

24
Q

Ru: urea conc milk

A

2-3 mmol/l

25
Q

What does energy defiency in ru cause?

A

increased urea
concentration in blood and in milk, increased ketone concentration in blood, urine and milk;
and decreased glucose concentration in blood and increased total lipid concentration in the
blood.

26
Q

What is urea an indicator of?

A

small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) similarly to vitamin-B12
decrease (increased utilisation by bacteria) and folic acid increase (increased production by bacteria)

27
Q

What does blood in the intestines cause?

A

typically increases urea concentration in the blood and it can cause significant diagnostic problems!

28
Q

Haemolysis: what does it to do the urea conc

A

Increase in conc

29
Q

What does an increased catabolism of the tissues own proteins cause?

A

energy deficiency (due to for example decreased carbohydrate intake),
widespread neoplastic processes,
high fever,
endogenous overproduction or iatrogenic overdose of catabolytic hormones (thyroxine, glucocorticoids))

30
Q

What does a decreased blood perfusion of the kidneys cause?

A

shock,
hypotension,
dehydration,
cardiac failure,
hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease),
thromboembolism or
strangulation of the renal artery.

31
Q

Causes of decreased urea conc

A

Impaired liver function: decreased urea synthesis in the liver cells from NH3, leading to
increased NH3 level.

Haemodilution (hyperhydration)

decreased protein intake (starvation, anorexia)

32
Q

How does creatinine produce energy in muscle

A

converts to creatin
this is bound to a phosphate group
when released provides energy

33
Q

what is creatinine a good indicator of?

A

Glomerular function
- bc its filtered by the kidney and not reabsorbed

34
Q

Determination of creatinine methods

A

Jaffe method
Enzymatic method

35
Q

Creatinine
- Jaffe method
- what is the result highly influenced by?

A

Creatinine forms a yellow orange complex w picric acid on alkalytic pH

  • haemolysis and jaundice
36
Q

Creatinine
- normal value

A

50-200 umol/l

37
Q

Creatinine
- what does its blood conc depend on?

A

meat content of diet

state of muscles
- muscle cell damage –> increase
- cachexia –> decrease

kidney

38
Q

Creatinine
- When GFR decreases … creatinine ….

A

increases

39
Q

Creatinine
Plasma urea (mmol/l) / plasma creatinine (µmol/l)
- normal value

A

0.1-0.06

40
Q

Creatinine
Plasma urea (mmol/l) / plasma creatinine (µmol/l)
- what does it mean if it is more than 0.06?

A

pre renal kidney failure
decreased blood supply of kidney

post renal causes - ureter, urethra,

41
Q

Creatinine
Plasma urea (mmol/l) / plasma creatinine (µmol/l)
- what does it mean if it is less than 0.06?

A

renal causes

42
Q

Changes in plasma urea and creatinine conc NOT due to renal disease

  • High urea, low or normal creatinine
A

High urea:
 increased protein intake
 gastrointestinal bleeding
 fever (increased protein catabolism)
 tetracycline, steroid treatment
 haemolysis  necrotic processes
 hyperthyroidism (increased protein catabolism)
 catabolic drugs (amphetamine)

Low, normal creatinine
 cachexia
 chronic muscle atrophy

43
Q

Changes in plasma urea and creatinine conc NOT due to renal disease

  • low or normal urea, high creatinine
A

Low, normal urea:
 liver failure, portosystemic shunt
 polyuria-polydypsia
 low protein intake
 anabolic steroids

High creatinine:
 inflammation of muscles (myocarditis, rhabdomyolysis)
 rhabdomyosarcoma
 muscle trauma
 increased meat intake

44
Q

normal creatinine clearance in:
- dogs
- cats

A

2.4-5 (dog),
1.9-5 (cat)

45
Q

What is proteinuria an essential indicator of?

A

glomerular dysfunction

46
Q

proteinuria febrilis

A

higher protein concentration in urine despite normal renal function

Lab D MT2 (5 decks)

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