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Pharmacy Practice Lab > Lab 10 > Flashcards

Lab 10 Flashcards

1
Q

nasal solutions are administered in the nose or nasal cavity as what 4 dosage forms?

A

-drops
-sprays
-inhalations
-nebulizing solutions

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2
Q

where are nasal preparations administered?

A

in the nose or nasal cavity

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3
Q

nasal solutions are most commonly used topically for a ____ (local or systemic?) effect

A

local

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4
Q

explain how it is possible for nasal preparations to give systemic effects and give an example of an intranasal product that gives these systemic effects

A

the nasal mucosa is an excellent absorbing surface
insulin

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5
Q

nasal solutions for INHALATION and NEBULIZATION are designed for delivery to……

A

the respiratory tract

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6
Q

true or false

nasal preparations should be sterile when dispensed

A

true

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7
Q

nasal ____ containers MUST contain preservatives to prevent the growth of microorganisms

A

MULTI DOSE

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8
Q

When selecting the preservative for a nasal multi-dose container, what factors should be considered?

A

-compatbility with other ingredients
-pH of the preparation

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9
Q

what can you say about the pH of nasal solutions

A

these solutions must be adjusted to the pH of normal nasal secretion (5.5-6.5)

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10
Q

strong buffers outside pH 5.5-6.5 are not used in nasal solutions

WHY

A

nasal secretions have a poor buffer capacity

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11
Q

what can you say about the osmotic pressure and tonicity of nasal preparations

A

nasal cilia can TOLERATE a tonicity of 0.5%-2% of sodium chloride

however, solutions applied to mucous membranes (such as nose and eyes) MUST BE MADE AS CLOSE TO ISOTONIC AS POSSIBLE (0.9% sodium chloride)

Tonicity greater than 4% and less than 0.3% NaCl are HARMFUL to the nasal mucosa

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12
Q

the cilia in the nasal passages are sensitive to…..

A

OSMOTIC PRESSURE

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13
Q

What is the most common solvent for nasal solutions?

A

water (though other solvents with known safety for internal use can be used)

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14
Q

name 6 types of excipients which nasal solutions contain

A

buffers
tonicity agents
preservatives
antioxidants
surfactants
viscosity-inducing agents

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15
Q

nasal solutions are commonly used to relive symptoms of…..

A

common cold
sinusitis
hay fever
other upper respiratory tract allergies

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16
Q

explain what decongestants are and how they accomplish their purpose

A

adrenergic (sympathomimetic) drugs that REDUCE CONGESTION by constricting the blood vessels in the nasal mucosa

this constriction of blood vessels results in them shrinking and draining, thus improving ventilation (breathing) and stuffy feeling

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17
Q

explain a bad side of topical decongestants

A

they may damage the nasal mucosa when used for long periods. therefore, they should not be used for more than 2-3 days

some decongestant nasal solutions contain SULFITES that cause life-threatening or less severe asthma in certain susceptible people

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18
Q

true or false

systemic side effects cannot be observed when using nasal solutions

A

FALSE —

systemic side effects CAN be observed when using nasal solutions because the nasal mucosa is a good surface for absorbing drugs

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19
Q

since systemic side effects can be observed when using nasal solutions, in which populations should they be used with caution?

A

patients with THYROID and CARDIOVASCULAR disease

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20
Q

true or false

elderly patients 62 years and older are more likely to experience the adverse effects of nasal preparations

A

true

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21
Q

true or false

some individuals may experience mild and transient burning sensation after applying topical solutions

A

TRUE

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22
Q

the nasal cavity is a large, ___ -filled space above and behind the ____ in the middle of the face

A

the nasal cavity is a large, AIR-filled space above and behind the NOSE in the middle of the face

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23
Q

the blanket of mucus that covers the nasal fossae lies superficial to the ____ and serves what function?

A

superficial to the microscopic cilia.

function = filter inspired (inhaled) air

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24
Q

the mucous membrane is the thickest and most vascular over which structure?
where is it second-most thick?

A

THICKEST over the nasal conchae
second most over the septum

25
Q

where is the mucous membrane very thin?

A

on the meatuses on the floor of the nasal cavity, and in the various sinuses

26
Q

what is one of the most commonly infected tissues in adults and humans?

A

nasal tissues

27
Q

inflammation of the nasal tissue can cause…

A

significant impairment of daily activities.
symptoms: stuffy nose, headache, mouth breathing

28
Q

epinephrine requires ______and appropriate __ and ___to maintain its stability.
explain

A

epinephrine requires ANTIOXIDANTS and appropriate pH and storage to maintain its stability.

why antioxidant? epinephrine undergoes autoxidation

what pH? increasing pH causes epinephrine oxidation and can decrease its biological activity

29
Q

Epinephrine is not compatible in _____ and other ___ solutions and drug mixtures

A

epinephrine is not compatible in SODIUM BICARBONATE and other ALKALINE solutions and drug mixtures

(oxidizes more easily in high pH)

30
Q

what color is epinephrine when it gets oxidized?

A

red

31
Q

isotonicity is expressed in terms of ______. (___ or ____)

A

OSMOTIC PRESSURE (osmolarity or osmolality)

32
Q

isotonicity depends on….

A

the number of particles of solute in solution

33
Q

osmotic pressure is ______ proportional to the degree of dissociation

A

DIRECTLY

34
Q

When sodium chloride is 100% dissociated, it will have ______ particles for every _____ of NaCl

A

2 PARTICLES FOR EVERY MOLE

35
Q

If the substance is partly dissociated (not 100%), how is osmotic pressure calculated?

A

using the dissociation factor

36
Q

blood and other body fluids has the same osmotic pressure as….

A

a 0.9% w/v solution of NaCl

37
Q

Sodium chloride 0.9%w/v solution is said to be _____ with blood

A

isotonic

38
Q

what are hypertonic solutions?

what are hypotonic solutions?

A

hypertonic solutions – have a higher osmotic pressure than body fluids

hypotonic solutions – have a lower osmotic pressure than body fluids

39
Q

non-isotonic solutions can damage _____ (especially ________)

A

non-isotonic solutions can damage TISSUES, especially MUCOUS MEMBRANES

40
Q

Preparations meant to be applied to THESE DELICATE TISSUES must be made isotonic

A

-nasal
-eye
-parenteral

41
Q

the “sodium chloride equivalent of a substance” is defined as…..

A

the amount of sodium chloride (in grams) that has the same osmotic pressure as 1 gram of the substance

42
Q

the sodium chloride equivalent of a substance is symbolized by what?

A

the letter E

43
Q

what is the most frequently used method in calculating the amount of sodium chloride needed to prepare isotonic drug solutions?

A

the sodium chloride equivalent method (using E)

44
Q

what does sterile mean?

A

free of all microorganisms

45
Q

when MUST preparations be sterile?

A

-when there is a possibility of infection

-when they are instilled directly into body tissues and cavities — this bypasses the natural defenses of the body

46
Q

name 5 sterile products

A

-nasal
-ophthalmic
-injectables
-hemodialysis
-irrigation solutions

47
Q

_____ and ______ must ensure sterility

A

quality of ingredients and methods of preparation

48
Q

when must preservatives be used?

A

for SMALL VOLUME and MULTIDOSE preparations – to prevent microbial growth (called proliferation)

49
Q

preservatives are not used in which sterile preparations and why?

A

not used in LARGE VOLUME sterile preparations (like IV fluids)

bc a large quantity of preservatives is required to preserve this large volume — causes toxic effects

50
Q

all sterile preparations are prepared where?

all sterile preparations are packed in what?

A

all sterile preparations are prepared in a STERILE ENVIRONMENT

all sterile preparations are packed in STERILE CONTAINERS using ASEPTIC techniques

51
Q

what does “particulate free” mean

A

free of all visible particulate material

product is filtered to obtain a clear solution before packaging it.

sterilization by filtration will also remove the particulate matter

52
Q

when preparing sterile products (ophthalmic, nasal, injectables, hemodialysis, irrigation solutions) which FIVE THINGS MUST BE ENSURED

A

-sterility
-particulate free
-stable
-pH
-isotonicity

53
Q

sterile products must be stabilized how?
why?

A

using antioxidants and other appropriate ingredients

this is done to maintain EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ACTIVE INGREDIENT AND THE FORMULATION

54
Q

sterile solutes must be _____ in the solvent

A

completely dissolved

55
Q

the pH of MOST sterile products is generally similar to…..

A

physiological pH (7.4)
(but varies based on the type of preparation and ingredients used)

nasal preparation pH is btwn 5.5-6.5

56
Q

most tissues can tolerate solutions having similar tonicity as ____ to ____% sodium chloride.

however, pharmaceutical solutions…….

A

most tissues can tolerate isotonicity 0.5%-2% sodium chloride.

however, pharmaceutical solutions MUST BE MADE ISOTONIC TO BLOOD AS POSSIBLE to prevent irritation and damage to tissues

57
Q

When may HYPERTONIC solutions be given?

A

slowly through large veins bc this allows adequate mixing to minimize the adverse events

58
Q
A

Pharmacy Practice Lab (10 decks)

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