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BIO121 LAB > Lab 1 - Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Lab 1 - Prokaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotic organisms

A
  • simple and smaller
  • do not have membrane-bound organelles
  • world’s oldest organisms and most abundant
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2
Q

Organelle (prokaryotes)

A

specialized structural part of a cell

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3
Q

cell membrane (prokaryotes)

A
  • membrane separates cell’s contents from surrounding environment and is semipermeable
  • encloses cytoplasm
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4
Q

Cytoplasm (prokaryotes)

A

contents of a cell enclosed by cell membrane
- contains ribosomes for protein synthesis and single circular chromosome in nucleiod

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5
Q

Chromosome (prokaryotes)

A

consists of DNA (coiled loop)

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6
Q

Nucleoid (prokaryotes)

A

region that contains DNA

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7
Q

Cell wall (prokaryotes)

A

rigid layer that surrounds the cell membrane that provides support and protection

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8
Q

Capsule (prokaryotes)

A

Protective outer covering that coats the cell wall

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9
Q

Fimbriae (prokaryotes)

A

hair-like extensions out of the cell, used to attach to surfaces

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10
Q

Pili (prokaryotes)

A

fewer longer extensions used to transfer or exchange DNA during conjugation

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11
Q

Binary fission

A

means of asexual reproduction, cell divides to form two identical organisms

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12
Q

Flagella (prokaryotes)

A

Long cellular projection used for locomotion

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13
Q

Prokaryotes are divided into two different groups (domains):

A
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
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14
Q

What do domain bacteria cell walls contain?

A

Peptidoglycan
- polymer (chain) of sugars and proteins

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15
Q

What is the process of staining a bacteria called?

A

gram staining
- either gram positive or gram negative

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16
Q

Gram positive

A
  • thick peptidoglycan stain purple
17
Q

Gram negative

A
  • thin peptidoglycan stain pink
  • often pathogenic (disease causing)
    Ex. salmonella
18
Q

Fungi

A
  • eukaryotic organisms
  • grow in strands/filaments called hyphae
19
Q

Representative organisms:

A
  • bifidobacterium (actinobacteria)
  • anabaena (cyanobacteria)
  • halobacterium (euryarchaeota)
20
Q

Bifidobacterium (not friends or adaptations)

A
  • found in yogurt, lives in intestine
  • unicellular, grows in colonies
  • gram positive
  • non-motile
  • heterotroph (saprotroph)
  • improves digestion
21
Q

Bacteria shapes:

A
  • coccus (spherical)
  • bacillus (rod-shaped)
  • vibrio (comma-shaped)
  • spirillum (spiral and rigid)
  • spirochaete (spiral and flexible)
22
Q

saprotroph

A

heterotroph that uses extracellular digestion

23
Q

Friends of bifidobacterium

A
  • streptococcus
  • lactobacillus
24
Q

Adaptations of bifidobacterium

A
  • has thick capsules around cell wall that protects them
  • secretes enzymes into human intestine which breaks down food into small particles which can be absorbed by bacterium
25
Q

Anabaena (no friends or adaptations)

A
  • autotrophs
  • use photosynthesis
  • grows in freshwater
  • multicellular filaments (unbranched chains)
  • reproduce asexually by fragmentation
26
Q

Anabaena structure

A
  • cell wall
  • cytoplasm
  • heterocyst
  • gelatinous sheath
27
Q

gelatinous sheath

A

jelly-like layer surrounding cell
- holds cell together

28
Q

Fragmentation

A

new individual develops from a fragment of the parent

29
Q

thylakoids

A

flattened membranes which contain chlorophyll and used for photosynthesis
- fills most of cell’s interior

30
Q

heterocyst

A

specialized for nitrogen fixation
- bolded in the middle or end of organism

31
Q

Friends of anabaena

A
  • Gloeocapsa
  • spirulina
  • oscillatoria
  • nostoc
  • fischerella
32
Q

Adaptations of Anabaena

A
  • gelatinous sheath allows organisms to adhere to each other and protect from predators/harmful environments
  • heterocysts fixes its own nitrogen for synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids
  • contains thylakoids that provides enzymes for photosynthesis
33
Q

Halobacterium (not friends or adaptations)

A
  • unicellular
  • grows in extreme saline water
  • heterotroph (photoheterotroph)
  • motile
  • in colonies
34
Q

halorhodopsin

A
  • specialized protein, maintains high salt concentration within organism
35
Q

bacteriorhodopsin

A
  • unique protein, red pigment
  • obtains chemical energy (ATP)
36
Q

photoheterotroph

A

both heterotrophic and light capturing

37
Q

Friends of halobacterium

A
  • Halococcus
  • Methanomonas
38
Q

Adaptations of halobacterium

A
  • uses halodorphins to prevent dehydration, acts as light-driven chloride pump
  • uses bacteriorhodopsin which uses energy from sunlight to create a proton gradient by pumping protons out of cell
  • Produces gas vesicles which allow it to float to the surface of the water to use higher levels of light and oxygen

BIO121 LAB (2 decks)

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