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BIOL 1410 LABS > Lab 1 - Cytology and Early Stages of Development > Flashcards

Lab 1 - Cytology and Early Stages of Development Flashcards

1
Q

Base (Microscope)

A

Supports the microscope and houses the light source

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2
Q

Coarse Focus Knob (Microscope)

A

Moves the stage up and down for initial focusing

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3
Q

Condenser (Microscope)

A

Focuses light onto the specimen

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4
Q

Diaphragm Lever (Microscope)

A

Adjusts the amount of light passing through

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5
Q

Fine Focus Knob (Microscope)

A

Provides precise focusing of the specimen

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6
Q

Lamp (Microscope)

A

Provides illumination for viewing the specimen

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7
Q

Mechanical Stage (Microscope)

A

Holds the slide securely and allows for movement

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8
Q

Objective Lenses (X4/X10/X40) (Microscope)

A

Magnifies the specimen at different levels

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9
Q

Ocular Lens (Microscope)

A

Eyepiece that magnifies the image further

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10
Q

Rotating Nosepiece (Microscope)

A

Allows for easy switching between objective lenses

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11
Q

Stage Clip (Microscope)

A

Holds the slide in place on the stage

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12
Q

Stage Control Knobs (Microscope)

A

Moves the mechanical stage left/right or up/down

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13
Q

Tube (Microscope)

A

Connects the ocular lens to the objective lenses

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14
Q

Prophase (Mitosis)

A
  • Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes (sister chromatids).
  • Nuclear membrane begins to break down.
  • Spindle fibers form from centrioles and attach to chromosomes.
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15
Q

Anaphase (Mitosis)

A
  • Sister chromatids are pulled apart and move toward opposite poles of the cell.
  • Cell elongates as the spindle fibers shorten.
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15
Q

Metaphase (Mitosis)

A
  • Chromosomes line up at the cell’s equatorial plane (metaphase plate).
  • Spindle fibers are fully formed and attached to the centromeres of the chromosomes.
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16
Q

Telophase (Mitosis)

A
  • Chromatids reach the poles and begin to de-condense back into chromatin.
  • Nuclear membranes reassemble around each set of chromosomes.
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17
Q

Cytokinesis (Mitosis)

A
  • Division of the cytoplasm occurs, resulting in two separate daughter cells.
  • Cells physically separate, completing cell division.
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18
Q

Cell membrane (Mitosis)

A
  • Maintains the integrity of the cell and regulates what enters and exits.
  • Throughout mitosis (all phases)
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19
Q

Centriole (Mitosis)

A
  • Organizes the spindle fibers that separate chromosomes during mitosis.
  • Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase
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20
Q

Centromere (Mitosis)

A
  • The region where sister chromatids are joined and where the spindle fibers attach during mitosis.
  • Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase
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21
Q

Centrosome (Mitosis)

A
  • The microtubule organizing center that contains centrioles; it helps in forming the spindle apparatus.
  • Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase
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22
Q

Chromosome (Mitosis)

A
  • Carries genetic information; condenses from chromatin and is pulled apart during mitosis.
  • Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase
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23
Q

Sister chromatids (Mitosis)

A
  • Two identical copies of a chromosome, connected at the centromere, that are separated during anaphase.
  • Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase
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24
Q

Spindle Apparatus (Mitosis)

A
  • Organizes and separates chromosomes during cell division by attaching to centromeres and pulling sister chromatids apart.
  • Formed during prophase and disassembles after telophase is complete.
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25
Q

Prophase I (Meiosis)

A
  • Chromosomes condense and become visible.
  • Crossing over occurs, exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
  • Nuclear membrane begins to break down, and spindle fibers form.
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26
Q

Metaphase I (Meiosis)

A
  • Tetrads align along the metaphase plate.
  • Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of each homologous chromosome.
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27
Q

Anapphase I (Meiosis)

A

Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

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28
Q

Prophase II (Meiosis)

A
  • Chromosomes condense again if they had de-condensed after Meiosis I.
  • Spindle apparatus forms again.
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29
Q

Telophase I (Meiosis)

A
  • Chromosomes reach the poles and begin to de-condense.
  • The cell undergoes cytokinesis, leading to two daughter cells.
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30
Q

Metaphase II (Meiosis)

A

Chromosomes line up individually along the metaphase plate.

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31
Q

Anapphase II (Meiosis)

A
  • Sister chromatids are pulled apart and move toward opposite poles of the cell.
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32
Q

Telophase II (Meiosis)

A
  • Chromatids reach the poles and begin to de-condense.
  • The cell undergoes cytokinesis, resulting in four haploid daughter cells.
33
Q

Diploid Cells (Meiosis)

A
  • Contain two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent); undergo meiosis to produce haploid cells.
  • Divide in Meiosis I to form haploid cells.
  • Changes during Meiosis I; diploid at the start, become haploid at the end of Meiosis I.
34
Q

Haploid Cells (Meiosis)

A
  • Contain one set of chromosomes; the result of meiosis, these cells develop into gametes (sperm or eggs).
  • Formed at the end of Meiosis I and maintained through Meiosis II.
  • Present at the end of Meiosis I and throughout Meiosis II.
35
Q

Homologous Chromosomes (Meiosis)

A
  • Pairs of chromosomes, one from each parent, that carry genes for the same traits; undergo synapsis in Prophase I.
  • Separate during Anaphase I; no longer paired after this phase.
  • Present during Prophase I; separate during Anaphase I.
36
Q

Cell Membrane (Cell Structure)

A
  • Acts aas a barrier separating inside and outside of the cell.
  • Controls the flow of substances into and out of the cell
  • Helps identify the cell to other cells (e.g., immune cells)
  • Participates in intercellular signaling
37
Q

Sister chromatids (Meiosis)

A
  • Identical copies of a chromosome connected at the centromere; produced during DNA replication.
  • Separate during Anaphase II; centromeres split, allowing chromatids to move apart.
  • Present during Prophase I, Metaphase II; separate during Anaphase II.
38
Q

Centrioles (Cell Structure)

A

Help organize cell division by forming spindle fibers that separate chromosomes.

39
Q

Centrosome (Cell Structure)

A
  • The pericentriolar matrix of the centrosome contains tubulins that build microtubules in nondiving cells.
  • The pericentriolar matrix of the centrosome forms the mitotic spindle during cell division
40
Q

Chromatin (Cell Structure)

A

Contains DNA and proteins, which hold genetic information and condense to form chromosomes during cell division.

41
Q

Cytoplasm (Cell Structure)

A

Site of all intracellular activities except those occurring in the nucleus

42
Q

Golgi Apparatus (Cell Structure)

A
  • Modifies, sorts, packages, and transports proteins received from the rough ER
  • Forms secretory vesicles that discharge processed proteins via exocytosis into extracellular fluid; forms membrane vesicles that ferry new molecules to the plasma membrane; forms transport vesicles that carry molecules to other organelles, such as lysosomes
43
Q

Mitochondria (Cell Structure)

A
  • Generate ATP through reactions of aerobic cellular respiration
  • Play an important early role in apoptosis
44
Q

Nuclear Membrane (Cell Structure)

A

Surrounds and protects the nucleus, controlling what enters and leaves it.

45
Q

Nucleolus (Cell Structure)

A

Makes ribosomes, which are essential for protein production in the cell.

46
Q

Nucleus (Cell Structure)

A
  • Controls cellular structure
  • Directs cellular activities
  • Produces ribosomes in nucleoli
47
Q

Ribosomes (Cell Structure)

A
  • Ribosomes associated with endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins destined for insertion in the plasma membrane or secretion from the cell
  • Free ribosomes synthesize protein used in the cytosol
48
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Cell Structure)

A

Rough ER synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids that are transferred into cellular organelles, inserted into the plasma membrane, or secreted during exocytosis

49
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Cell Structure)

A

Smooth ER synthesizes fatty acids and steroids, such as estrogens and testosterone; inactivates or detoxifies drugs and other potentially harmful substances; removes the phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate; and stores and releases calcium ions that trigger contraction in muscle fibers

50
Q

Oocyte (Early Development)

A

Female gamete; initial cell that, after fertilization, will develop into an embryo.

51
Q

4 Cell Stage (Early Development)

A

Early division phase where the zygote undergoes mitosis to increase cell number.

52
Q

Morula (Early Development)

A

Solid ball of cells formed from the zygote by rapid cell division. Begins differentiation.

53
Q

Early Blastocyst (Early Development)

A

Forms a fluid-filled cavity and differentiates into the inner cell mass and trophoblast.

54
Q

Blastocyst Cavity (Early Development)

A

Fluid-filled cavity that provides space for further cellular differentiation.

55
Q

Inner Cell Mass (Early Development)

A

Cluster of cells within the blastocyst that will become the embryo proper.

56
Q

Trophoblast Cells (Early Development)

A

Outer cells of the blastocyst that later form part of the placenta.

57
Q

9-12 day Blastocyst (Early Development)

A

Stage when the blastocyst implants into the uterine wall and starts forming embryonic structures.

57
Q

Amnion (Early Development -> 9-12 days)

A

Thin membrane that forms around the embryo, creating the amniotic cavity.

58
Q

Amniotic Cavity (Early Development -> 9-12 days)

A

Fluid-filled space that protects the embryo during development.

59
Q

Chorion (Early Development - 9-12 days)

A

Forms the outermost fetal membrane and contributes to the placenta.

60
Q

Embryonic disc (Early Development - 9-12 days)

A

Bilayered structure from which the embryo will develop.

61
Q

Epiblast (Early Development - 9-12 days)

A

Upper layer of the embryonic disc that forms all tissues of the embryo.

62
Q

Hypoblast (Early Development - 9-12 days)

A

Lower layer of the embryonic disc that contributes to yolk sac development.

62
Q

20-day embryo (Early Development)

A

Developing embryo with initial formation of organ systems.

63
Q

Amnion (Early Development - 20 days)

A

Surrounds the amniotic cavity, providing further protection to the embryo.

64
Q

Amniotic Cavity (Early Development - 20 days)

A

Protective fluid-filled cavity surrounding the embryo.

65
Q

Chorion with chorionic villi (Early Development - 20 days)

A

Forms part of the placenta and facilitates nutrient and gas exchange.

66
Q

Embryo (Early Development - 20 days)

A

Developing organism with established germ layers.

67
Q

Yolk Sac (Early Development - 20 days)

A

Provides early nutrients and blood cells to the embryo.

68
Q

25 days/4 week Embryo (Early Development)

A

Stage where early organ structures and body segments become more defined.

69
Q

Embryo (Early Development - 25 days)

A

Developing organism with further specialization of tissues and organs.

69
Q

Head (Early Development - 25 days Embryo)

A

Contains developing brain and sensory organs.

69
Q

Heart (Early Development - 25 days Embryo)

A

Early heart structure that begins to beat and circulate blood.

70
Q

Tail (Early Development - 25 days Embryo)

A

Forms the caudal end of the embryo, will recede as development progresses.

71
Q

Extraembryonic membranes (Early Development - 25 days)

A

Supportive structures that protect and nourish the embryo, including the amnion, chorion, and yolk sac.

71
Q

aminion (Early Development - 25 days Extraembryonic membranes)

A

Surrounds and protects the embryo, forming the amniotic cavity.

72
Q

Amniotic Cavity (Early Development - 25 days Extraembryonic membranes)

A

Fluid-filled cavity that cushions and protects the embryo.

73
Q

Chorion (Early Development - 25 days Extraembryonic membranes )

A

Outermost membrane contributing to placenta formation; assists in gas and nutrient exchange.

74
Q

chorionic villi (Early Development - 25 days Extraembryonic membranes)

A

Extensions that increase surface area for nutrient and gas exchange between mother and embryo.

75
Q

Yolk Sac (Early Development - 25 days Extraembryonic membranes)

A

Provides initial nutrients and blood cells for the embryo.

76
Q

Umbilical cord (Early Development - 25 days)

A

Connects the embryo to the placenta, carrying blood, nutrients, and waste between embryo and mother.

BIOL 1410 LABS (5 decks)

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