Lab 1: Bones, Joints and Muscles

Question 1

What are the two types of skeleton?

Answer 1

Axial: Skull, vertebral column, ribs & Sternum

Appendicular: Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper limbs bones & lower limbs bones

Question 2

What are the 5 types of bones?

Answer 2

1- Long bones
2-Short bones
3-Flat bones
4-Irregular bones
5-Sesamoid bones

Question 3

Periosteum VS Endosteum

Answer 3

Periosteum: Thin coat on outer surface of bone supports growth & healing

Endosteum: Thin vascular membrane of connective tissue lining the inner walls of the medullary canal

Question 4

What contributes to the Longitudinal growth of bones ?

Answer 4

Endochondral ossification (EO)

Question 5

What contributes to the growth in circumference of bones?

Answer 5

Appositional growth

Question 6

What are Osteoblasts ?

Answer 6

They are bone forming cells. They deposit bones on surface in periosteum

Question 7

What are osteoclasts?

Answer 7

They are bone-destroying cells. They remove the inner surface in endosteum

Question 8

Define Foramen (plural Foramina)

Answer 8

An opening or hole passage through a bone

Question 9

Define Fossa (plural fossae)

Answer 9

An Hollow or depressed area- a shallow depression in a bone

Question 10

Define Facet

Answer 10

A smooth, flat articular surface

Question 11

Define Process

Answer 11

An outgrowth or boney projection, “spine-like”

Question 12

Define Tubercle

Answer 12

A round nodular, small(ish) raised eminence or outgrowth often for articulation or muscular attachment

Question 13

Define Tuberosity

Answer 13

Large, flat(ish) eminence on bony surface-rough, bumpy feel

Question 14

Define Condyle

Answer 14

Round prominence at the end of a bone often for articulation (latin for knuckle)

Question 15

Define epicondyle

Answer 15

Projection above a condyle serving as a surface for ligament and tendon attachement

Question 16

What are joints?

Answer 16

A site where two or more skeletal elements come together

Question 17

What are solid joints?

Answer 17

Bones linked by connective tissue, little or no mobility

Question 18

What are the 2 types of solid joints?

Answer 18

1-Fibrous solid joints
2- Cartilaginous solid joints

Question 19

What are synovial joints?

Answer 19

Most common joints in the body, facilitate movement.

Made of: Articular cartilage, synovial fluid, synovial membrane and fibrous capsule

Question 20

Flexion vs Extension

Answer 20

Flexion: Movement to decrease the angle between two parts of the body

Extension: Movement to increase the angle between two part of the body

Question 21

Abduction VS Adduction

Answer 21

Abduction: Movement away from the midline

Adduction: Movement towards the midline

Question 22

What is circumduction ?

Answer 22

The combination of flexion/extension and abduction/adduction

Question 23

What are the uniaxial joint geometry?

Answer 23

Plane/gliding
Pivot
Hinge

Question 24

What are the biaxial joint geometry?

Answer 24

Saddle
Condyloid(ellipsoid)

Question 25

What is the multi-axial joint geometry?

Answer 25

Ball and socket

Question 26

What are the 3 types of muscles?

Answer 26

1- Skeletal or striated muscle (main muscle type in MSK system)

2- Cardiac muscle (only in heart)

3- Smooth (visceral) muscle (GI tract, arteries, etc)

Question 27

What is the basic contractile unit of skeletal muscles?

Answer 27

Sarcome

Question 28

What is the structure of Skeletal muscles

Answer 28

Sarcomeres—–> Myofibrils—–> myofibers——> fascicles—–> named muscle

Question 29

What are the types of muscle contractions ?

Answer 29

Isometric contraction: No movement involved

Isotonic contraction: Concentric contraction—-> decrease in muscle length
Eccentric contraction——> increase in muscle length

Question 30

Endomysium vs Perimysium vs Epimysium

Answer 30

all connective tissues of muscles (sheaths)

Endomysium: connective tissue surrounding individual myofibers

Perimysium: connective tissue surrounding skeletal muscle fascicles

Epimysium : dense connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle organ

Question 31

What is a fascia?

Answer 31

A sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue that envelops, separates or binds together structures such as muscles, organs and other soft tissues

Question 32

Muscle origins vs insertions

Answer 32

Origin: “immobile” bone (the bone that doesn’t move when the given muscle contracts)

Insertion: On bone that moves when the muscle contracts