Lab 1: Bones, Joints and Muscles Flashcards
What are the two types of skeleton?
Axial: Skull, vertebral column, ribs & Sternum
Appendicular: Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper limbs bones & lower limbs bones
What are the 5 types of bones?
1- Long bones
2-Short bones
3-Flat bones
4-Irregular bones
5-Sesamoid bones
Periosteum VS Endosteum
Periosteum: Thin coat on outer surface of bone supports growth & healing
Endosteum: Thin vascular membrane of connective tissue lining the inner walls of the medullary canal
What contributes to the Longitudinal growth of bones ?
Endochondral ossification (EO)
What contributes to the growth in circumference of bones?
Appositional growth
What are Osteoblasts ?
They are bone forming cells. They deposit bones on surface in periosteum
What are osteoclasts?
They are bone-destroying cells. They remove the inner surface in endosteum
Define Foramen (plural Foramina)
An opening or hole passage through a bone
Define Fossa (plural fossae)
An Hollow or depressed area- a shallow depression in a bone
Define Facet
A smooth, flat articular surface
Define Process
An outgrowth or boney projection, “spine-like”
Define Tubercle
A round nodular, small(ish) raised eminence or outgrowth often for articulation or muscular attachment
Define Tuberosity
Large, flat(ish) eminence on bony surface-rough, bumpy feel
Define Condyle
Round prominence at the end of a bone often for articulation (latin for knuckle)
Define epicondyle
Projection above a condyle serving as a surface for ligament and tendon attachement
What are joints?
A site where two or more skeletal elements come together
What are solid joints?
Bones linked by connective tissue, little or no mobility
What are the 2 types of solid joints?
1-Fibrous solid joints
2- Cartilaginous solid joints
What are synovial joints?
Most common joints in the body, facilitate movement.
Made of: Articular cartilage, synovial fluid, synovial membrane and fibrous capsule
Flexion vs Extension
Flexion: Movement to decrease the angle between two parts of the body
Extension: Movement to increase the angle between two part of the body
Abduction VS Adduction
Abduction: Movement away from the midline
Adduction: Movement towards the midline
What is circumduction ?
The combination of flexion/extension and abduction/adduction
What are the uniaxial joint geometry?
Plane/gliding
Pivot
Hinge
What are the biaxial joint geometry?
Saddle
Condyloid(ellipsoid)
What is the multi-axial joint geometry?
Ball and socket
What are the 3 types of muscles?
1- Skeletal or striated muscle (main muscle type in MSK system)
2- Cardiac muscle (only in heart)
3- Smooth (visceral) muscle (GI tract, arteries, etc)
What is the basic contractile unit of skeletal muscles?
Sarcome
What is the structure of Skeletal muscles
Sarcomeres—–> Myofibrils—–> myofibers——> fascicles—–> named muscle
What are the types of muscle contractions ?
Isometric contraction: No movement involved
Isotonic contraction: Concentric contraction—-> decrease in muscle length
Eccentric contraction——> increase in muscle length
Endomysium vs Perimysium vs Epimysium
all connective tissues of muscles (sheaths)
Endomysium: connective tissue surrounding individual myofibers
Perimysium: connective tissue surrounding skeletal muscle fascicles
Epimysium : dense connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle organ
What is a fascia?
A sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue that envelops, separates or binds together structures such as muscles, organs and other soft tissues
Muscle origins vs insertions
Origin: “immobile” bone (the bone that doesn’t move when the given muscle contracts)
Insertion: On bone that moves when the muscle contracts
