Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOCHEM 1 > LAB (1) - BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS AND LIVING CELLS > Flashcards

LAB (1) - BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS AND LIVING CELLS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cell theory?

A
  1. All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.
  2. The cell is the basic unit of life.
  3. All cells come from the division of pre-existing cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who was the English scientist that first described the cells from his observations of cork slices and the first who used the word “cell”?

A

Robert Hooke (1665)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who was the first to document the structure of red blood corpuscles and the nature of the circulatory system?

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

accurately described the life cycles of many types of insects

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

invented the compound microscope

A

Hans Jansen (1595)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

designed a two-lens microscope

A

Robert Hooke (1667)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

developed the microscope with single lens

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1670)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

constructed the set of color-corrected lenses

A

Benjamin Martin (1774)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

solved the spherical aberration problem

A

Jackson Lister (1830)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

produced a paper on dark-ground illumination

A

Francis Wenham (1850)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

improved the composite lens

A

Ernest Abbe (1857)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

developed the apochromatic system of lenses

A

Carl Zeiss (1868)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

developed the luminescence microscope

A

August Kohler (1908)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

invented the phase contrast microscope

A

Frits Zernike (1932)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

invented the confocal scanning optical microscope

A

Davidovits and Egger (1969)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

were the first to say that all organisms are made of one or more cells

A

German scientists Schleiden and Schwann (1830)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

stated that all cells come from the division of pre-existing cells

A

German biologist Virchow (1858)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

are the building blocks of life; comes in many shapes and sizes, although most are microscopic

A

Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
  1. Most cells are small, about 0.001 cm in length (1/100 of a mm, or 10 micrometer)
    * smallest cells of the microorganism mycoplasma are .3 micrometer in size
  2. Some are large
    * giant algal cells may be several cm long
  3. A chicken’s egg is a single cell
  4. Multicellular organism (us) have at least 10^14 cells
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

limited by the wavelength of light to a resolution limit of about 200 nm

A

Light microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

limited by the design of the electromagnetic lenses to a resolution of about 0.2 nm

A

Electron microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Light microscope

Illuminating source = light
Max magnification = 1000x
Specimen type = live and dead
Lenses material = glass
Image = colored
Field of use = study of internal structure

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Electron microscope

Illuminating source = electron
Max magnification = 2,000,000x
Specimen type = dead or dried
Lenses material = electromagnetic
Image = black and white
Field of use = study of internal surface, cell structure, and small organisms

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the applications of TEM (Transmission electron microscope)?

A
  1. Morphological studies
  2. Cytochemistry/Histochemistry
  3. Autoradiography
  4. Immunolabelling
  5. Elemental analysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

e.g. flagellar attachment, details of cell parts, etc.

A

Morphological studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

e.g. study of enzyme-substrate complexes: acid-phosphatase etc.

A

Cytochemistry/Histochemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

e.g. how a certain vitamin is transported into tissues
(labelling)

A

Autoradiography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

e.g. study of antiserum – antigen complexes made possible by gold labelling

A

Immunolabelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

determination of different elements present in a
specimen region; quantitative analysis of water and air, etc.

A

Elemental analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

include bacteria, blue-green algae, and archaea

all single-celled organisms that lack both a true nucleus and other membrane-bounded cellular substructures

DNA is usually circular

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

cells of this lack a nucleus ad ither organelles; unicellular

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

memorize parts of the prokaryotes

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

include plants, animals, protozoa, and fungi

these cells contain nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles; genetic material is organized into chromosomes

A

Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Why do we need to study organelles of the
living cell in relation to biochemical
systems?

A
  1. Structure
  2. Function
  3. Composition of each part
  4. Relationship of organelles to biochemical systems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

specialized structure within the cell which contains DNA and controls cell functioning and reproduction

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

small bodies with
specific structures and functions within the cell.

A

Organelle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

the liquid substance between the nucleus and the cell membrane, in which the organelles are located

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

the thin layer which separates the cell contents from it’s environment

A

Plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Plants cells also have a cell wall surrounding the cell

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Membrane-bound structures that usually contain chloroplasts and give their colors (i.e. green pigment)

A

Plastids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

contains the cell’s genetic information

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

dark void objects spreads throughout the cell; produce energy for the cell

A

Mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

small black dots; storage form of glucose

A

Glycogen granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Animal cell:
Magnification: x8,500 when printed at 10 cm tall

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

a dangerous form of the normally benign E. coli bacteria which live in the intestine.

usually transmitted by food poisoning; can cause life threatening diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, kidney failure, and disturbance to blood.

no effective cures for this, but there are treatments for dealing with the symptoms

Another strain of EHEC bacteria is E. coli O157:H7.
Magnification: x160,000 at 8x10 inch size.

A

Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Cells are surrounded by a thin membrane of lipid and
protein, about 100 angstroms (1.00 x 10-8 m) thick.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

functions in transport of materials in and out of the cell, recognition, communication, and homeostasis

A

Cell membrane/plasma membrane

49
Q

remarkable structure that has properties of a solid and liquid

A

Cell membrane/plasma membrane

50
Q

It forms a “fluid sea” in which proteins and other molecules like other lipids or carbohydrates are suspended
(like icebergs) or anchored at various points on its surface.

A

Cell membrane/plasma membrane

51
Q

“sea” or “fluid” = composed of side by side phospholipids arranged in a bilayer (lipid bilayer)

A
52
Q

is the variety of proteins and other molecules embedded in the bilayer

A

the solid part or “mosaic”

53
Q

Each phospholipid has a?

A

a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head

54
Q

has consistency of a light machine oil

selectively permeable (will let some substances in but not others of the same size)

A

Cell membrane/plasma membrane

55
Q

The plasma
membrane that
surrounds
eukaryotic cells is
a dynamic
structure
composed of [ ]
interspersed with
[ ]

A

two layers of
phospholipid
molecules

cholesterol and
proteins

56
Q

composed of a hydrophilic (water-loving) head, and two tails which are hydrophobic (water-hating)

A

Phospholipids

57
Q

anchor the membrane to the cytoplasm, (the watery fluid inside the cell) and also to the water surrounding the cell.

A

Water-attracting heads

58
Q

block large
water-soluble molecules from passing through
the membrane while permitting fat-soluble
molecules, including medications such as
tranquilizers and sleeping pills, to freely cross the membrane.

A

Water-hating tails

59
Q

embedded in the
plasma membrane carry out a variety of
functions, including
transport of large water soluble molecules such
as sugars and certain
amino acids

A

Proteins

60
Q

(proteins bonded
to carbohydrates) serve in part to
identify the cell as belonging to
a unique organism, enabling the
immune system to detect foreign
cells, such as invading bacteria,
which carry different
glycoproteins.

A

Glycoproteins

61
Q

in the plasma membrane act as stabilizers that limit the movement of the two slippery phospholipids
layers, which slide back and forth in the membrane.

A

Cholesterol molecules

62
Q

Tiny gaps in the
membrane enable small molecules such as oxygen (upper right) to diffuse readily into and out of the cell.

A
63
Q

Since cells constantly use up oxygen, its concentration
decreases within the cell. The higher concentration of
oxygen outside the cell causes a net flow of oxygen into
the cell.

A
64
Q

The steady stream of oxygen into the cell enables it to
carry out aerobic respiration continually.

A
65
Q

a process that provides the cell with the energy needed to carry out its functions

A

Aerobic respiration

66
Q

is made up of a large number of cellulose fibers cemented together (like the cellulose fibers in paper)

semi-permeable

A

Cell wall

67
Q
A

Small molecules have little difficulty
penetrating the cell wall, while larger
molecules may not be able to pass
through.

68
Q

What are the characteristics of a cell wall?

A

relatively rigid
lends shape to plant cell
does not participate in cell activity

69
Q

is made up of cellulose (long molecule of carbohydrate)

A

Plant cell wall

70
Q

is made of chitin (amino sugar glucosamine)

A

Fungi cell wall

71
Q

is made of murein (polysaccharide chain linked by amino acid)

A

Bacteria cell

72
Q

found in plant cells only

Membrane-bound structures that
usually contain pigments and
give plant cells their colors.

most prominent plastid

A

Chloroplasts

73
Q

Some plastids are storage bodies
for starch, proteins, oils.

A
74
Q

colored plastids

chlorophyll bearing plastids (green color)

A

Chloroplasts

75
Q

yellow or orange pigments, cream, red and brown

A

Carotenoids/xanthrophylls

76
Q

are white or colorless plastids

A

Leucoplasts

77
Q

Inside the chloroplast are membranous stacks of thylakoids (look like pancakes) where the chlorophyll
is located.
Each pancake is called a granum (grana).

A
78
Q

are the double-membrane bound organelles in which photosynthesis (the conversion of light energy to carbohydrates) occurs.

A

Chloroplasts

79
Q

is the chemical that absorbs the energy of the sun to provide the
energy required for reducing CO2
to Glucose

A

Chlorophyll

80
Q

a small cellular container used for transport and storage of materials

A

Vesicle

81
Q

Vacuoles and vesicles are formed by:

A
  1. pinching off from the Golgi apparatus
  2. endocytosis of the cell membrane
  3. extension of the ER membrane
82
Q

Plant cells usually have one large Central
Vacuole.

The plant cell’s central vacuole functions in:

A

water storage
food storage
waste storage
cell support

83
Q

thought to be an extension of the ER membrane

A

Central vacuole

84
Q

membrane-enclosed, fluid filled spaces

membrane = tonoplast cell sap (fluid) - water with dissolved substances (sugar, salt, and other organic acids)

A

Central vacuole

85
Q

processing centers

A

Food vacuoles

86
Q

contains finished products such as fat

A

Storage vacuoles

87
Q

elimination of waste

A

Excretory vacuoles

88
Q

are single-membrane organelles.

A

Peroxisomes

89
Q

remove hydrogen atoms from small
molecules and join the
hydrogen atoms to oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide, and then break it down into water and oxygen.

A

Peroxisomal enzymes

90
Q

control center of the cell

contains the DNA and is the of manufacture of RNA

large, centrally located organelle surrounded by nuclear envelope

A

Nucleus

91
Q

is a double membrane (2 phospholipid bilayers thick) that has nuclear pore in it for molecules to enter and exit

A

Cell membrane

92
Q

allow selected molecules into and out of the nucleus

It is also believed that these pores are the routes by which genetic messages
(RNA) pass into the
cytoplasm.

A

Nuclear pore

93
Q

The DNA is contained by a number of chromosomes, which
consist of long strands of DNA tightly wound into coils with
proteins called histones.

A
94
Q

The combination of DNA and histone proteins is known as

A

Chromatin

95
Q

function in packaging of DNA during nuclear division and control of gene expression

A

Chromosomes

96
Q

determines the metabolism,
growth, differentiation, structure,
and reproduction of cell

A

Nucleus

97
Q

The nucleus contains one or more
DARK-STAINING discrete
structures, known as [ ] which are sites of ribosomal ribonucleic acid rRNA synthesis

A

Nucleolus

98
Q

is a system of
MEMBRANOUS TUBULAR CANALS that beginsnjust
outside the nucleus and branches throughout the
cytoplasm

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

99
Q

ribosomes attached to the ER

protein synthesis

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

100
Q

no ribosomes attached

synthesis of lipids

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

101
Q

consist of rRNA and proteins

is made of 2 non-identical subunits: the LARGE and SMALL
SUBUNITS.

site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

102
Q

is produced in the nucleolus
and joined with proteins – then
migrate through the nuclear pore to
the cytoplasm for final assembly.

A

rRNA

103
Q

is a stack of flattened,
hollow cavities enclosed by
membranes, which is often continuous
with the membranes of the endoplasmic
reticulum

also called the Golgi complex/Golgi body

located near to the nucleus and ER

functions in modification, assembly, packaging, storage, and secretion of substances

Named after Camillo Golgi

A

Golgi apparatus

104
Q

each sac on the Golgi apparatus contains enzymes that modify proteins as they pass through

A
105
Q

Special vesicles which are formed by the Golgi apparatus.

They contain powerful
hydrolytic/digestive
enzymes

A

Lysosomes

106
Q

What are the functions of lysosomes?

A

1) cellular digestion

2) autodigestion or disposal of
damaged cell components like
mitochondria

3) breakdown of a whole cell (by
releasing their contents into the
cell cytoplasm)

107
Q

suicide sacs

A

Lysosomes

108
Q

are known to contain over 40 different enzymes that can digest almost
anything in the cell, including proteins, RNA, DNA, and carbohydrates

A

Lysosomes

109
Q

also appear to perform other digestive processes, such as those connected
with phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

A

Lysosomes

110
Q

help destroy foreign microorganisms
and invading bacteria

A

Lysosomes

111
Q

are the largest
organelles in an animal cell, after the nucleus.

A

Mitochondria

112
Q

Are sausage-shaped or
filamentous structures
surrounded by a double-layered membrane

A

Mitochondira

113
Q

vary in diameter
from 0.5 to 1 micrometer and in
length up to 7 micrometers.
(about the size of bacteria).

A

Mitochondria

114
Q

2 membranes of mitochondrion: inner and outer membranes

A
115
Q

The inner is convoluted into shelf-like folds called

where energy is produced

A

Cristae

116
Q

functions in AEROBIC ENERGY METABOLISM (also called CELLULAR
RESPIRATION); converts glucose and fatty acids to ATP, the cell’s primary energy molecule, as well as lesser amounts
of other energy rich molecules.

A

Mitochondrion

117
Q

The overall formula for cellular respiration is:
Carbohydrate + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + ENERGY (i.e. ATP)

38 molecules of ATP

A
118
Q

also help control the concentration of water, calcium, and other
charged particles (ions) in the cytoplasm.

A

Mitochondria

119
Q

have some of their own DNA molecules
and ribosomes that resemble those of prokaryotic cell

are also self-replicating. They
“reproduce” by splitting in half

A

Mitochondria

BIOCHEM 1 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions